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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.00749

PeptSol: A Translational Benchmark for Protected-Peptide Solubility in Drug Manufacturing

Alexander Arjun Lobo, Marc Saouda, Urvi Awasthi, Leonid Zhukov

原文摘要

Liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS) offers a scalable route to peptide manufacturing, but route development still depends on empirical solvent screens because each protected intermediate must be soluble for reaction and recoverable for purification. The protecting groups, terminal modifications, and noncanonical residues that govern this behaviour are poorly represented in existing peptide property benchmarks, limiting the ability to develop and rigorously evaluate molecular representation models for LPPS-relevant prediction tasks. We introduce PeptSol, an open benchmark of 1388 hand-curated protected-peptide solubility measurements with chemistry-aware splits. The measurements span only 84 parent sequences and 101 protected structures, and 92.5% come from a single historical programme. Across seven frozen molecular encoders, the best macro-F1 is 0.843 on binary solubility for the historical subset under a peptide-held-out split; the harder three-class ordinal task reaches 0.614 in that cell. No foundation model consistently outperforms a baseline combining chemical fingerprints with explicit molecular descriptors, and model rankings vary across prediction tasks and data splits. The dataset, evaluation protocol, and baselines establish a standard for measuring progress on molecular representations for synthesis-aware peptide developability.

cs.LG · physics.chem-ph · q-bio.BM

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07140

More Agents, More Reliable? System-Level Reliability of Multi-Agent LLMs under Operational-Profile Uncertainty

Burkay Tunçtürk, Koorosh Aslansefat, Yiannis Papadopoulos, Bao Nguyen

原文摘要

Teams increasingly build software from cooperating large language model (LLM) agents, often assuming more agents mean more reliability. Yet the usual evidence, average benchmark accuracy, ignores the input mix a deployed system meets and the rule merging the agents' answers. Building on HIP-LLM, a hierarchical imprecise-probability assessment of single LLMs, we propose a framework combining it with a Bayesian network of the system's failure logic for multi-agent systems. Agent failure-probability intervals propagate through this network, where the combining rule can itself fail, into a reliability envelope showing which evidence limits it. In a pipeline extracting regulated chemical-hazard statements, majority voting over three models protected against the weakest but did not clearly exceed the best, and a voter failing on 5\% of demands would largely erase its advantage over the middle model. More agents yield a more defensible reliability claim, not automatically a more reliable system.

cs.MA · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.33258

Two Uncertainties Are Not One: Disagreement versus Decision-Risk in Cheap Structured Content Moderation

Karan Yadav

原文摘要

Content moderation compresses a graded, contested human judgment into a binary act (leave up / take down) over billions of items, at a scale where running a frontier LLM on every post is uneconomical. A new class of frozen "System One" models returns typed, calibrated decisions instead of text at ~USD 0.000025 per call and ~100 ms. We run the first independent audit of one such model on 142,658 human-labeled comments, and benchmark it against 14 frontier reasoning models (the GPT-5.x, Claude, Gemini 3, and Grok families) on a shared probe set. Two findings stand out. First, the cheap model is accuracy-competitive: its zero-shot classification AUROC (0.83) is not statistically separable (paired bootstrap, n=56; a failure to reject parity, not proof of equivalence) from 13 of the 14 frontier systems while costing 1-3 orders of magnitude less, and it is no worse calibrated than several of them. Second, "confidence" conflates two uncertainties that come apart: human disagreement (where annotators split on satire and coded language) and decision risk (where the automatic action is costly-wrong). Under an asymmetric moderation loss these call for opposite escalation signals, so no single confidence number serves both. Because the model prices extra questions at nearly zero, decomposing the judgment into parallel sub-questions and reading their spread recovers a human-disagreement signal that the model's native confidence misses -- but this remedy is specific: it helps the weakest, disagreement-blind models and only when the decomposition aligns with the sources of disagreement; a specialist toxicity model and the strongest LLMs do not need it, and the effect is distribution-sensitive. We will release the instrument, the cached runs, and the analysis.

cs.CL · cs.CE · cs.LO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.01483

Murmur: Efficient Long-Context ASR Inference with Hierarchical Chunking

Wei-Tzu Lee, Keisuke Kamahori, Baris Kasikci

原文摘要

Long-form automatic speech recognition (ASR) requires both high accuracy and low inference latency, but existing systems fall short of handling the trade-off between the two. Chunk-based approaches process audio in parallel windows for low latency, but lose cross-chunk context and need brittle heuristics to align speakers and timestamps at boundaries. Long-context ASR models transcribe everything in a single pass for better accuracy, but run several times slower, and a single repetition loop can corrupt the entire output. In this paper, we first analyze how context length affects the accuracy of long-context ASR models and find that an intermediate chunk size of about five minutes matches single-pass accuracy while avoiding repetition loops. Building on this, we propose Murmur, an inference system for long-form ASR based on hierarchical chunking. The long-context model decodes intermediate target chunks in parallel, and a fast short-window ASR on 30 s draft windows accelerates each chunk with lossless, structure-aware speculative decoding. The short-window ASR drafts the transcript, simple format rules draft the timestamps and speaker tags, and the long-context model verifies every token. On two long-context ASR models and four meeting datasets in English and Mandarin, Murmur cuts end-to-end latency per recording by 2.5x on average (1.9-2.9x) relative to single-pass decoding, including diarization, while lowering tcpWER by 1.9 points on average. Our code is available at https://github.com/uw-syfi/Murmur.

cs.LG · cs.AI · eess.AS

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2607.13033

DenseReward: Dense Reward Learning via Failure Synthesis for Robotic Manipulation

Yu Fang, Wanxi Dong, Jiaqi Liu, Yue Yang, Mingxiao Huo, Yao Mu, Huaxiu Yao, Li Erran Li 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning holds great promise for improving robot policies beyond the limits of imitation learning. However, its practical adoption remains bottlenecked by the lack of reliable vision-language reward models that provide dense and informative feedback. Two key challenges remain: acquiring diverse failure data at scale and obtaining fine-grained reward signals beyond sparse trajectory-level success labels. Existing approaches reuse successful trajectories to construct negative or suboptimal examples through trajectory truncation, instruction relabeling, or trajectory comparisons, without generating new trajectories where physical interaction failures such as collisions, missed grasps, object drops, and recovery actually occur. Meanwhile, many existing reward models predict sparse binary or trajectory-level rewards, which provide limited guidance for efficient policy optimization. We introduce DenseReward, a dense robotic reward model that addresses both challenges. To train DenseReward, we develop an automated failure data generation pipeline that synthesizes physically realistic failure trajectories in simulation without manual annotation, covering diverse failure modes such as collisions, missed grasps, object drops, and recovery behaviors. DenseReward predicts dense frame-level reward scores from visual observations and language instructions, enabling fine-grained estimation of task progress throughout an episode. Experiments show that DenseReward outperforms general-purpose VLMs and existing robotic reward models in dense reward prediction across both simulated and real-world manipulation. We further demonstrate that DenseReward provides effective reward guidance for downstream model predictive control and reinforcement learning.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07134

Matriarchy Classics: A Computational Approach to Swap Only Gendered Words in Classic Novels

Rachel Lea Draelos

原文摘要

This paper proposes a trustworthy computational method to gender-swap public domain novels, with programmatic guarantees that only gendered words are inverted and all other words are left unchanged. This may seem like a simple task, but both large language models and naive rule-based methods fail to complete it. The proposed method includes a custom whitespace-preserving tokenizer, gender-swap mappings across plural and possessive forms, pronoun handling, and a character renaming strategy. It shortens the time required to gender-swap a novel from weeks of manual labor to minutes. The method is demonstrated on two public-domain novels. Pride and Prejudice is transported to matriarchal Regency England, where inheritance flows through daughters, mothers rule the household, and a frantic Mr. Bennet is determined to secure advantageous marriages for his sons. The Great Gatsby pivots to a matriarchal Jazz Age where newly-rich Ms. Gatsbee throws lavish parties in the hopes of reuniting with her lost love, David, who is now married to the violent Thelma Buchanan. Gender-swapped novels could serve as useful tools to investigate the gender biases of readers, authors, societies, and AI systems.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07133

Context-Aware Automated NMR Structure Elucidation

Frank Hu, Jonathan M. Tubb, Grant M. Rotskoff, Matthew W. Kanan, Thomas E. Markland

原文摘要

Machine learning approaches are rapidly revolutionizing the ability to analyze and extract structural insights from chemical data, enabling high-throughput chemical discovery. While existing data-driven approaches have shown remarkable promise for predicting chemical structures in the de novo setting, incorporating additional chemically informed context offers the opportunity to further improve these models' performance and extend their real-world utility. Here we provide a straightforward protocol to combine artificial-intelligence-based spectroscopic elucidation pipelines with contextual chemical data, e.g., known reactants or a desired product, by using automated retrosynthetic analysis to generate large training sets of molecules and contextual data in the form of synthetic precursors. We demonstrate our approach by showing that our recently introduced NMR structure elucidation framework can be trained to effectively leverage molecular precursor context. We show that when the chemical context provides useful information on the target molecule we obtain dramatically improved accuracy over using NMR spectra alone, obtaining Top-15 accuracies of up to 95.4% for molecules up to 40 heavy atoms spanning the full elemental range of organic chemistry. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach is highly robust, such that even when the context provided is uncorrelated with the target, one still obtains accuracies commensurate with those of the original NMR structure elucidation framework. This approach provides an efficient route to improve a wide range of spectroscopic structure elucidation platforms using contextual data.

physics.chem-ph · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v6arXiv:2601.22478

Transformation-Augmented GRPO for Enhancing Exploration in Reasoning of Large Language Models

Khiem Le, Phuc Nguyen, Youssef Mroueh, Chi-Heng Lin, Shangqian Gao, Ting Hua, Nitesh V. Chawla

原文摘要

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has become the dominant reinforcement learning method for eliciting reasoning capabilities in LLMs using verifiable rewards. Still, it suffers from two critical issues that limit models' exploration: \textbf{Gradient vanishing} and \textbf{Diversity collapse}. When a training question is too easy or too hard, all sampled responses receive identical rewards, yielding no gradient signal. Meanwhile, the model tends to collapse its responses toward a single reasoning pattern rather than exploring diverse strategies. We propose Transformation-Augmented GRPO (TA-GRPO), a simple yet effective method that addresses both issues via question transformation. For each training question, we automatically create multiple problem-equivalent rephrased questions that alter wording, format, and information order while preserving the underlying intent. As these rephrasings shift the model's perceived difficulty, responses across the original question and its rephrasings receive mixed rewards and encode more diverse reasoning strategies within it. TA-GRPO jointly computes advantages over this expanded response group and aligns all importance sampling ratios to the original question, enabling the model to learn from a richer set of attempts. Experiments with four LLMs (Qwen3-1.7B/4B-Base and Llama-3.2-1B/3B-Instruct) show that TA-GRPO consistently improves pass@$k$ on competition-level mathematics benchmarks (AMC, OlympiadBench, AIME24, AIME25) and out-of-distribution benchmarks (Minerva, GPQA-Diamond). Notably, it improves the average pass@32 of Qwen3-1.7B-Base and Qwen3-4B-Base by \textbf{4.97}\% and \textbf{4.35}\%, respectively, and matches the pass@32 of baselines trained with up to 2.5x more data.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2604.13699

MIND: AI Co-Scientist for Material Research

Geonhee Ahn, Donghyun Lee, Hayoung Doo, Jonggeol Na, Hyunsoo Cho, Sookyung Kim

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) have enabled agentic AI systems for scientific discovery, but most approaches remain limited to textbased reasoning without automated experimental verification. We propose MIND, an LLM-driven framework for automated hypothesis validation in materials research. MIND organizes the scientific discovery process into hypothesis refinement, experimentation, and debate-based validation within a multi-agent pipeline. For experimental verification, the system integrates Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials, particularly SevenNet-Omni, enabling scalable in-silico experiments. We also provide a web-based user interface for automated hypothesis testing. The modular design allows additional experimental modules to be integrated, making the framework adaptable to broader scientific workflows. The code is available at: https://github.com/IMMS-Ewha/MIND, and a demonstration video at: https://youtu.be/lqiFe1OQzN4.

cs.MA · cs.AI · cs.CE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07127

Scalable Bayesian Gaussian Process Classification for Cancer Histopathology: Calibrated Uncertainty Under Distribution Shift

Yunru Zheng, Wun Ting Chan, Sampras Dsouza, Zhenyu Hong

原文摘要

Reliable uncertainty quantification is essential for clinical deployment of cancer diagnosis models, yet neural networks and variational Gaussian process methods can produce overconfident predictions, particularly under the distribution shifts that arise when models trained at one hospital are applied at another. We present a scalable Bayesian Gaussian Process Classification (GPC) framework that operates on frozen pathology foundation model embeddings (Phikon) and combines accelerated Randomly Pivoted Cholesky (RPCholesky) for low-rank kernel factorization, Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) with non-centered parameterization for posterior sampling, and a pivots-as-inducing-points scheme for prediction. This makes HMC posterior sampling in the low-rank latent representation tractable at N approximately 300,000 training points, enabling HC-based low-rank GPC on substantially larger datasets than prior MCMC-based demonstrations. We evaluate on two histopathology benchmarks for breast cancer metastasis detection: PCam and CAMELYON17-WILDS, where the latter tests calibration under hospital-level distribution shift. Compared to stochastic variational GP and neural network baselines, our method improves calibration and predictive performance - reducing expected calibration error by up to 88% and false negative rate by up to 90% - with the largest gains appearing under distribution shift, suggesting that HMC-based posterior sampling provides more trustworthy uncertainty estimates for cross-site pathology classification.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2603.13665

An Extended Study of Gear-Ratio-Aware Standard Cell Layout Generation for DTCO Exploration

Chung-Kuan Cheng, Andrew B. Kahng, Bill Lin, Yucheng Wang, Dooseok Yoon

原文摘要

Advanced nodes decouple contacted poly pitch (CPP) and lower-metal pitch to improve routability. We present CPCell, an efficient standard-cell layout generation framework, to support arbitrary gear ratio (GR) and offset parameters through a fine-grained layered grid graph and constraint-programming-based placement-routing co-optimization. Layout quality is improved via Middle-of-Line routing, M0 pin enablement, pin accessibility constraints and a weighted multi-objective formulation that jointly optimizes cell layouts. To scale to netlists with up to 48 transistors, we incorporate acceleration techniques including transistor clustering, identical transistor partitioning, routing lower bound tightening and early termination strategies. Comprehensive cell-level and block-level studies are conducted to evaluate GR and offset choices, quantify the benefits of the proposed objectives and assess their impact on power, performance, area and IR-drop outcomes.

cs.AR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.03056

MOF-VERIFY: A Failure-Aware Agentic Harness for MOF Hypothesis Verification

Donghyun Lee, Taehoon Lee, Geonhee Ahn, Jieun Kim, Jihyun Park, Suyeon Cho, Yoona Kim, Chaerim Shin 等 13 位作者

原文摘要

Large language models are increasingly used as reasoning components in AI-driven materials Co-Scientists, yet the reliability of the resulting verification pipeline remains unclear. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide a particularly challenging setting because structures may appear under different identifiers, synthesis outcomes depend strongly on experimental conditions, evidence is distributed across heterogeneous sources, and some hypotheses require computation rather than literature alone. We introduce a diagnostic benchmark with four task families covering structural grounding, synthesis-condition verification, evidence-sufficiency verification, and MLIP-based computational verification. T-MOF-1-3 are evaluated under closed-book, retrieval-enabled, and oracle-evidence settings to localize failures in knowledge access, evidence acquisition, and reasoning, while T-MOF-4 separately evaluates computational verification. Guided by these diagnosed failure modes, we develop MOF-Verify, a failure-aware agentic harness that targets structural, literature, evidence-sufficiency, and computational bottlenecks before producing a final verdict. Across multiple backbone LLMs, MOF-Verify improves the reported average over direct inference and retrieval-based baselines on this benchmark, with gains concentrated in structural grounding and evidence sufficiency. Benchmark records and release-status documentation are available at https://github.com/IMMS-Ewha/MOF-Verify-Benchmark.

cs.AI · cs.CE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07126

Adapting LLM Judges to Observed Human Annotation Policy through Soft Prompt Tuning

Tamás Janusko, Sven Kleinkop, Ricardo Bochnia, Gunnar Hempel, Steffen Tomschke, Jürgen Anke, Maik Thiele

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed as automated judges for evaluating chatbot responses. While proprietary models can achieve high agreement with human annotators, they remain costly and difficult to deploy in practical settings. Lightweight open-source LLM judges provide an attractive alternative but typically exhibit lower agreement with human ratings. In this paper, we investigate whether soft prompt tuning can align open-source LLM judges more closely with human annotation policy. We train soft prompts on the FairBotBench benchmark and evaluate the adapted judges across the dimensions of bias, toxicity, and personalization. Our findings demonstrate that hybrid soft-prompt tuning, which combines textual prompts with learned continuous prompt embeddings, consistently improves agreement with human annotations over the corresponding untuned baselines. For Qwen 3.5 9B, the adapted judges surpass both hosted reference judges across all three evaluation dimensions.

cs.CL · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.15391

PanoWorld: Geometry-Consistent Panoramic Video World Modeling

Le Jiang, Xiangyu Bai, Bishoy Galoaa, Shayda Moezzi, Caleb James Lee, Tooba Imtiaz, Edmund Yeh, Jennifer Dy 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

We present PanoWorld, a panoramic video world model that generates geometry-consistent 360$\degree$ video from a single image and a caption. Existing panoramic video methods optimize primarily for visual realism and do not explicitly constrain the underlying 3D scene state, producing outputs that appear plausible yet exhibit inconsistent depth, broken correspondences, and implausible motion across the spherical surface. We address this gap by framing panoramic video generation as a geometry- and dynamics-consistent latent state modeling problem rather than pure visual synthesis. Building on a pre-trained perspective video world model, we introduce two lightweight regularizers: a depth consistency loss against pseudo ground-truth panoramic depth, and a trajectory consistency loss that supervises the 3D world-frame positions of tracked points across time. We further apply spherical-geometry-aware adaptation to the conditioning and positional encoding. We additionally introduce PanoGeo, a unified geometry-aware panoramic video dataset with consistent depth, trajectory, and prompt annotations across diverse real and synthetic sources, used for both training and stratified evaluation. Experiments show that PanoWorld improves geometric consistency over prior panoramic generation methods while maintaining competitive visual realism, establishing that panoramic video generation must be treated as a geometric modeling problem to support the holistic spatial understanding requirements of embodied AI applications. Code is available at https://github.com/ostadabbas/PanoWorld.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.06458

Invariant Features in Language Models: Geometric Characterization and Model Attribution

Agnibh Dasgupta, Abdullah Tanvir, Xin Zhong

原文摘要

Language models exhibit strong robustness to paraphrasing, suggesting that semantic information may be encoded through stable internal representations, yet the structure and origin of such invariance remain unclear. We propose a local geometric framework in which semantically equivalent inputs produce representations that occupy structured regions in latent space, with paraphrastic variation along nuisance directions and semantic identity preserved in invariant subspaces. Building on this view, we make three contributions: (1) a geometric characterization of invariant latent features, (2) a contrastive subspace discovery method that separates semantic-changing from semantic-preserving variation, and (3) an application of invariant representations to zero-shot model attribution. Across models and layers, empirical results support these contributions. Invariant structure emerges in specific depth regions, semantic displacement lies largely outside the nuisance subspace, and representation-level interventions indicate a causal role of invariant components in model outputs. Invariant representations also capture model-specific geometric patterns, enabling accurate attribution. Together, these findings support a local geometric characterization of semantic invariance in language model representations.

cs.LG · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07125

Data-Driven Modeling of Molten Chloride Corrosion Using Static Test Data

Md Mahmudul Hasan Pathik

原文摘要

Molten chloride corrosion has been studied for decades, yet reliable prediction across different alloys, salts, and test conditions remains difficult. In this work, 291 static molten chloride corrosion experiments reported in the literature were compiled into a structured dataset and used to develop an interpretable machine-learning framework for corrosion-rate predictions. To better represent the differences in salt condition across studies, a Chloride Salt Preparation Index (CSPI) was introduced to bring the reported salt-treatment method, atmosphere control, and pre-exposure impurity condition on a common numerical scale. A blended tree-based ensemble provided the most consistent predictive performance, achieving a cross-validated \(R^2\) of 0.85 and an MAE of 0.41 mg cm\(^{-2}\) day\(^{-1}\). The graded CSPI retained more useful information than a simple purified/unpurified classification and emerged as the dominant model descriptor. Global sensitivity and SHAP analyses further identified exposure time, temperature, and alloy chemistry as important contributors to the model predictions, with several observed trends consistent with the established molten-chloride corrosion behavior. The conformal prediction intervals were well calibrated, providing an estimate of prediction uncertainty in addition to the point prediction. Overall, the framework demonstrates that historical corrosion data can support quantitative, interpretable, and uncertainty-aware prediction when experimental context is represented explicitly, while also highlighting where more consistent reporting and targeted experiments are needed to improve future molten-salt corrosion models.

cs.LG · cond-mat.mtrl-sci

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07124

Machine Learning for Live-Birth Prediction After IVF/ICSI From Structured Clinical Data: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Critical Appraisal

Abdul Raheem Shahzad, Muhammad Zaheer Khan, Umar Ajaib, Asad Ur Rehman, Juan Deng, Ming Zhang

原文摘要

Machine-learning models predicting live birth after in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) from routine clinical data report performance from near chance to near perfect. We systematically reviewed these models under PRISMA 2020, searching OpenAlex, Scopus and Web of Science to 22 October 2026, appraised them with PROBAST+AI and TRIPOD+AI, and pooled their discrimination with random-effects meta-analysis on the logit scale. We define what fixes the meaning of a model's output (decision point, endpoint, unit of analysis, data source) and map the 48 included studies by model family, decision point and validation design. Models evaluated only internally pooled to an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.814, against 0.756 (95% prediction interval 0.546-0.889) for models evaluated on a later period or another centre, and 0.764 for studies not at high risk of bias; neither difference was significant, and heterogeneity was extreme. Models whose decision point was not stated pooled to 0.910, the only significant moderator in meta-regression. Against logistic regression fitted to the same data, the best machine-learning model gained a pooled 0.056 AUC (95% CI 0.017-0.090). Of 48 studies, 47 were at high or unclear risk of bias, only four assessed the calibration slope, and no model has evidence of clinical impact. The certainty of the pooled evidence is low to very low; the gains that survive validation came from staging predictions to decision points and local calibration, not deeper architectures. We provide a TRIPOD+AI-mapped checklist, a benchmark specification and a research agenda.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07123

PromptOps: Iterative Prompt Optimization for LLM-as-a-Judge Systems

Sven Kleinkop, Tamás Janusko, Ricardo Bochnia, Gunnar Hempel, Steffen Tomschke, Jürgen Anke, Maik Thiele

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges for evaluating the behavior of chatbots and other AI systems. In deployment, however, their agreement with the intended human evaluation policy may degrade as user interactions and score distributions change. Existing automatic prompt optimization methods are primarily studied as one-shot procedures on static development sets and therefore provide limited guidance for maintaining LLM judges over time. We frame this problem as judge drift and introduce PromptOps, a closedloop framework for monitoring and iteratively recalibrating LLM-as-a-Judge (LLMaaJ) systems. PromptOps separates four operational decisions: when to optimize, which optimization procedure to apply, which feedback records to use, and how to update the judge prompt. We instantiate the framework with five prompt optimization methods: GEPA, SIMBA, Rubric Synthesis, and exemplar selection using either simulated annealing or a Tree-structured Parzen Estimator. Our experiments demonstrate that iterative prompt optimization can recalibrate LLM judges and recover performance after controlled shifts in the referencescore distribution. However, effective maintenance is inherently contextdependent: neither optimization algorithm choice nor update timing generalizes universally across settings. These findings establish prompt optimization for deployed LLM judges as an inherently iterative maintenance problem and demonstrate that PromptOps provides a practical abstraction for studying and implementing this process.

cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2601.00878

Heraclitean Dialectical Concept Space

Volkan Yildiz

原文摘要

We introduce Heraclitean Dialectical Concept Spaces (HDCS), a topological framework for modelling stagewise structural change in systems of concepts. A stage consists of a nonempty concept set, a feasible family generating an external topology, and a neighbourhood assignment carrying additional relational structure. Neighbourhood overlap induces adjacency and channel ideals. Candidate emergence is represented by the CCER construction: an interaction profile, finite admissible cores, and anchored witnesses determine nonempty open candidate regions in uncovered remainder structure. Selected candidates may be reified as new atomic concepts at a later stage, while partial injective carry maps separately track persistence of existing identities. The resulting history space is obtained as a quotient of the disjoint union of stage spaces with the corresponding final topology. Product concept spaces extend the construction to cross-domain interaction. We derive support characterizations, mediated-interaction components, canonical CCER envelopes, monotonicity and impossibility criteria, product-space factorization, and invariance under concept-space isomorphism. Applications to monetary transformation, zero and representation, mammalian middle-ear evolution, and AI-related labour change illustrate the framework. HDCS is intended as a structural formalism rather than a causal or predictive theory of historical change.

physics.soc-ph · cs.LO · math.GN

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07122

Regulating Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Operators with Fixed and Adaptive Penalties: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach

Korbinian Kügler, Carolin Schmidt, Florian Dandl, Filipe Rodrigues

原文摘要

Profit-maximizing Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand (AMoD) operators may exploit consumer surplus through excessive prices and underserve less profitable regions by relocating vehicles away from them. We study how penalty-based regulation of an AMoD operator in a multimodal mobility system can limit surge pricing and improve regional service availability. We model regulation as an outer control loop that acts on a learning-based operator. Static regulation with fixed penalties is formulated as a Markov Decision Process for an operator that jointly controls pricing and rebalancing, and dynamic regulation as a Partially Observable Stochastic Game in which a regulator periodically adjusts region-specific penalties in closed loop. Operator and regulator policies are learned with graph-based multi-agent reinforcement learning. In experiments with real-world Manhattan data, fixed surge pricing penalties reduce the share of travelers facing excessive prices from 22% to 1%. For regional service availability, dynamic regulation improves the regulator's reward by up to 15.6% over fixed penalties of equal mean intensity. The gains in service availability are strongest when spare fleet capacity exists, whereas service deficits persist in peak periods with highly utilized fleets. The learned regulator policy responds by reducing penalties where limited fleet capacity restricts compliance. The results identify trade-offs between regulatory targets, operator profitability, and traveler utility.

cs.LG · cs.MA

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07113

What Patients Say They Can't Access: Mining Cancer Screening Barriers from Online Communities

Ruimin Sun, Aokun Chen, Arjun Arunasalam

原文摘要

Cancer screening disparities persist across the U.S., yet the patient-reported barriers driving low uptake remain poorly characterized at scale. While clinical surveys capture structured responses, they miss the organic, unsolicited discourse where patients candidly describe real-world obstacles. In this paper, we conduct a large-scale analysis of over 56,000 posts across six cancer-specific Reddit communities to surface barriers to cancer screening among U.S. patients. We apply a pipeline combining keyword filtering, barrier triage, open coding, and codebook synthesis to systematically extract and categorize patient-reported barriers from 576 U.S.-located posts. Our qualitative analysis reveals recurring structural, informational, and psychosocial barriers that vary meaningfully by cancer type and community context. These findings lay the groundwork for future work aimed at proactively identifying and addressing barriers at scale - spanning a broader range of cancer types and populations - and informing the design of targeted interventions, navigator programs, and health system policies that translate patient-reported obstacles into actionable solutions.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.30621

Harness Updating Is Not Harness Benefit: Disentangling Evolution Capabilities in Self-Evolving LLM Agents

Minhua Lin, Juncheng Wu, Zijun Wang, Zhan Shi, Yisi Sang, Bing He, Zewen Liu, Tianxin Wei 等 17 位作者

原文摘要

LLM agents are increasingly deployed as systems built around editable external harnesses, including prompts, skills, memories and tools, that shape task execution without changing model parameters. Harness self-evolution adapts such agents by updating these harnesses from execution evidence. Yet it remains unclear whether a model's base capability in task-solving predicts its capabilities in harness self-evolution: which models produce useful harness updates, and which actually benefit from them? We analyze two harness self-evolution capabilities: (i) harness-updating, the capability to produce useful persistent harness updates from execution evidence; (ii) harness-benefit, the capability to benefit from updated harnesses during task solving. Our analysis reveals two findings. First, harness-updating is flat in base capability: models from different capability tiers produce harness updates that lead to surprisingly similar gains; even Qwen3.5-9B's updates yield gains comparable to those of Claude Opus~4.6. Second, harness-benefit is non-monotonic in base capability: weak-tier models benefit little from updated harnesses, mid-tier models benefit most, and strong-tier models benefit less than mid-tier. We trace low gains at the weak tier to two failure modes: weak-tier models may fail to activate relevant harness artifacts, or activate them but fail to follow them faithfully. These findings suggest investing capability budget in the task-solving agent rather than the evolver, and targeting harness invocation and long-horizon instruction following in agent training. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/A-EVO-Lab/a-evolve/tree/release/harness-evolution.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07111

Consistent yet Contextual: Learning Author-Level Mixtures of Style for Authorship Attribution

Omkar Yadav, Michael Jiang, Kenan Alkiek, Jian Zhu, David Jurgens

原文摘要

Approaches to authorship verification or attribution typically model the style of a document, asking whether two documents were likely written by the same author. While recent approaches have been performant, such approaches largely ignore modeling the authors themselves and how varied their style is. Here, we introduce multiple alternatives for modeling the author and demonstrate that allowing an author's representation to capture multiple consistent but distinct writing styles yields significant performance improvements. Using our new authorship model, we then examine when an author writes in a way that is most idiomatic of their style across four scenarios: (i) variation in the size of their writing audiences, (ii) temporal distance from when the model was trained, (iii) the effect of preceding context, and (iv) the effect of genre norms on style. Across all four experiments, we demonstrate that authors vary substantially in how idiolectic their writing is. Our results have clear implications for both the modeling and data used for authorship verification and attribution, showing that authors need to be represented with their multiple styles and that some settings produce text that is much more informative about who wrote that text.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07109

Automatic Assistance to Reduce Information Overload during Software Issue Report Understanding

Salma Begum Tamanna, Gias Uddin, Junaed Younus Khan, Lan Xia, Longyu Zhang

原文摘要

Modern issue tracking systems are used to log an issue and track it from its inception to closure. Issue reports with diverse discussions from stakeholders can be large and verbose, making them challenging to analyze quickly. Our developer interviews revealed that they struggled with the diverse information in issue reports and demanded automated techniques to classify and summarize information. We designed a tool, iSum (issue summarizer), that helps with the automatic classification and summarization of information types discussed in issue reports. The summarizer offers two views: 1. Developer View takes an issue report as input and outputs visualized summaries of information in the report. 2. Manager View takes a suite of all issue reports under a given software project as inputs and shows the prevalence and trends of different information types across the reports. We evaluated iSum through three studies. 1. In an empirical study over two benchmarks, iSum offers, on average, 11-13% higher F1-scores than state-of-the-art baselines to detect information types. 2. We conducted a user study in task-based setup with 30 developers to determine iSum's effectiveness in issue exploration scenarios. Results showed increased productivity and accuracy with iSum compared to manual inspection. 3. We assessed iSum's feasibility for development and management tasks. It proved useful to both developers and project managers for issue comprehension and trend monitoring.

cs.SE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2503.13726

Towards Energy- and QoS-aware Load Balancing for 5G Advanced: Leveraging O-RAN to Achieve Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Gustavo Z. Bruno, Gabriel M. Almeida, Aloizio Da Silva, Luiz A. DaSilva, Joao F. Santos, Alexandre Huff, Kleber V. Cardoso, Cristiano B. Both

原文摘要

The increasing energy consumption of next-generation mobile networks necessitates the adoption of autonomous and energy-aware management strategies. This article proposes a novel adaptive solution leveraging the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture to optimize energy efficiency while maintaining Quality of Service (QoS). The proposed approach introduces a hierarchical O-RAN-aligned control framework in which a Non-Real-Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Non-RT RIC) periodically computes energy-aware policies from long-term historical data, while a Near-Real-Time RIC enforces those policies through per-User Equipment (UE) handover actions on a sub-second timescale. We formulate a joint energy- and QoS-aware load balancing problem as a Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model. This model optimizes UE association across E2 Nodes to minimize transmission power and autonomously deactivate underutilized cells, while satisfying strict QoS constraints. To validate the proposed solution, we deploy it in an experimental environment that simulates massive sports events. Experimental results demonstrate 72% energy savings over a 24-hour trace and sub-second handover delays (0.123-0.204 s/UE), confirming the solution's feasibility for autonomous and sustainable 5G Advanced networks. This work provides guidelines for deploying energy-efficient strategies in O-RAN environments and underscores the potential of adaptive solutions for sustainable mobile communications.

cs.NI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07103

A Night at the LLM Zoo: Data Conditioned Flow Matching for Generating Pretrained LLM Weights

Scott Biggs, Bedionita Soro, Saumya Gupta, Bruno Andreis, Sung Ju Hwang

原文摘要

A challenge to Weight Space Learning as it expands from task specific and vision models to Large Language Models (LLMs) is the absence of a well curated and analyzed LLM population. To address this, we train such a model zoo for application to Weight Space Generation by systematically varying the data mixture composition between web text, books, mathematics, coding, and French across populations of 51M, 124M, and 355M parameter GPT-2 Models, each tier with count N = 100. We analyze these populations by cosine similarity, functional diversity, Leave-One-Mixture-Out modeling, and variance decomposition. We show that the zoo contains diverse models whose variation is structured by training mixture composition. We embed the training mixture composition to condition a Flow Matching model of complete pretrained LLM weights in Gram-PCA compressed weight space. By demonstrating zero-shot generalization to held out mixtures, measuring Continuous Ranked Probability Score skill, as well as finding minimal changes in downstream test-set perplexity and general capability benchmark scores, we show that our generator generalizes on the simplex of data mixtures to produce models that perform similarly to those in the zoo ex nihilo. Finally, we produce all source code and artifacts to support the continued expansion of Weight Space Learning and Generation into the LLM domain.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2609.22818

The Price of Safety: Benign-Case Utility and Token Overhead of Memory-Poisoning Defenses in LLM Agents

Pritom Bhowmik

原文摘要

Memory-poisoning defenses for LLM agents are usually judged by how well they stop attacks, yet almost all the traffic an agent sees is benign. We measure what these defenses cost when no attack is present. Our harness holds the backbone model, memory backend, retrieval, answer prompt, and judge fixed and changes only the defense. Both LLM-based defenses run on the agent's own backbone, and an integrity check verifies every run. We test four defenses on half of LoCoMo: five long conversations (750 turns and 255 questions per run), with each condition run three times. Sanitization and provenance checking never fired. LLM-based anomaly detection blocked 9 of 2,250 turns (0.4%). A read-time reranker dropped 2.2% of the memories it judged, withholding at least one memory from 14.9% of questions. A blind audit found content-based justification for only 2 of 50 sampled drops. No defense showed a detectable accuracy cost, at 95% intervals of $\pm$2.4 to $\pm$4.6 points; the reranker changed accuracy by +0.6 points (95% CI [-2.6, +3.8]). Anomaly detection and the stacked condition gained 4.7 points, but a blocked turn changes the memories extracted after it, so we do not count this as a benefit. Token overhead was 0% for sanitization and provenance, 1.5% for anomaly detection, 3.0% for the reranker, and 4.5% with all four stacked. An earlier version of this study ran the reranker condition on a different model than its baseline. A baseline on that same model shows the swap produced 2.9 of the 4.4 points of accuracy cost we then reported. Attack success rate reveals none of this, so we report benign cost alongside it. We release the harness, labels, and per-run outputs.

cs.CR · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.03079

LeanStream: A Speculate-and-Refine Streaming Framework for Efficient on-Device LLM Inference

Renyuan Liu, Yuyang Leng, Kaiyan Liu, Yuzhou Zhong, Shaohan Hu, Chun-Fu, Chen, Peijun Zhao 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

On-device LLM inference is attractive for privacy and responsiveness, but remains challenging on mobile and embedded devices because model weights far exceed available DRAM. Prior systems exploit activation sparsity and offload weights to SSD or flash storage, but face a fundamental systems trade-off: accurate sparse execution decisions require the latest context, whereas efficient computation-I/O overlap requires early prediction. As a result, existing designs either serialize execution or incur redundant weight fetches, extra computation, and large cache overheads. We present LeanStream, a streaming speculate-and-refine framework for efficient on-device LLM inference. LeanStream progressively refines computation, loading, and cache-retention priorities using partial GPU results, enabling fine-grained overlap between GPU execution and storage I/O. We implement LeanStream on both mobile and embedded platforms. Compared with prior on-device LLM inference systems, LeanStream reduces memory usage by 4.8$\times$ to 7.5$\times$ at the best throughput achieved by prior work, while further improving token generation throughput by 1.6$\times$ to 2.1$\times$. Source code is available at https://github.com/RenyuanLIU/LeanStream.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.23947

Optimal analysis of Greedy for stochastic online Euclidean matching: flat torus to the rescue

Mingwei Yang, Sophie H. Yu

原文摘要

We study online metric matching with $n$ servers and $n$ requests, all sampled independently and uniformly from $[0,1]^d$. We analyze the Greedy algorithm, which matches each arriving request to its closest available server. Despite its strong empirical performance, non-trivial bounds on Greedy's competitive ratio were previously known only for $d = 1$, where it is $O(1)$-competitive [BFP23]. We prove that Greedy is $O(1)$-competitive for every fixed $d\geq3$ and has competitive ratio $Θ(\sqrt{\log n})$ for $d=2$. Our proof first analyzes Greedy on the flat torus and then transfers the resulting estimates to the cube.

cs.DS

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07093

Server-Side Sparse Assignment for Federated Mixture-of-Experts

Xue Zheng, Aylin Yener

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized for their remarkable capabilities; federated learning (FL) offers a promising framework for collaboratively fine-tuning LLMs on edge devices while achieving data privacy. However, edge devices are inherently heterogeneous: clients may exhibit diverse data distributions and resource constraints, including limited memory and computation budgets. Recent federated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) approaches address these challenges by using sparse expert activation or partial expert loading. However, existing partial-expert methods rely on heuristic full-pool observations or prioritize system-wide load balance, without guarantees for recovering client-specific relevant experts from partial observations. We propose $S^3$-MoE, a server-side sparse expert assignment framework that estimates client-specific expert relevance from partial observations and refines assignments through an exploit--explore mechanism. We also establish relevance-estimation error and exact Top-$K$ recovery guarantees. Experiments using a CNN-based MoE on CIFAR-100 show that $S^3$-MoE recovers task-dependent client--expert preferences and reduces conflicts caused by correlated expert selection across clients. Compared with Full-20 FedAvg, which gives each client access to all 20 experts for local Top-5 routing, $S^3$-MoE achieves 1.31 percentage points higher mean final accuracy while loading only $5$ experts per client.

cs.LG · cs.IT

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗