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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.23387

Blind Thermodynamic Ontology Discovery from Anonymous Experiments

Linzhe Zhang, Changming Xu

原文摘要

Before a machine learning model can learn a thermodynamic equation of state, it must discover what its measurements represent: which channels scale with system size, which are intensive conjugates, how sectors pair through contact, and which potential governs stability. When sensors expose only an unknown linear mixture of extensive states and intensive responses, passive observations cannot disentangle physical quantities from coordinate artifacts. We formulate the problem of discovering this hidden thermodynamic ontology directly from anonymous controlled experiments. We present an operational identifiability theory and a constructive polynomial-time algorithm that extracts extensive and intensive scaling sectors from replication contrasts, recovers their dual cotangent pairing from thermal contact and reciprocity, verifies a globally admissible concave potential via discrete cyclic concavity, and determines an invariant matroid of reservoir ensembles. We prove that the residual observational equivalence is strictly (x, lambda) ~ (A x, a A^{-T} lambda + beta), establishing the sharp observational limit that no permitted experiment can break. Blind evaluations on van der Waals fluids and Curie-Weiss magnets confirm robust recovery under ill-conditioned mixing, correctly resolving anonymous Maxwell tie-lines while rejecting non-equilibrium continuations. External validation across six real fluids from the NIST WebBook demonstrates that operational ontology discovery transfers across real physical substances without coordinate leakage.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39781

Finding Is Not Returning, Returning Is Not Reconstructing: A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of Agent Social Re-entry

Sheng Wan, Cong Ma, Sichen Dong, Qian'Ang Mao, Chenhan Zhang, Daning Hu, Qiang Yang

原文摘要

As Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly participate in persistent social environments, understanding their long-term social interaction capabilities becomes increasingly important. While existing research has advanced long-term memory and conversational context retrieval, less attention has been paid to whether agents can autonomously re-engage with previously inactive conversations. In particular, remembering a past interaction does not necessarily mean that an agent can identify when to revisit it, decide to return, or reconstruct the context needed for a coherent continuation. To investigate this gap, we introduce agent social re-entry as a multi- dimensional evaluation problem, distinguishing three complementary capabilities: Finding, Returning, and Reconstructing. We develop a shared-snapshot evaluation framework that measures these dimensions independently, allowing us to examine how conversational resurfacing and persistent memory relate to different aspects of social re-entry. Evaluations across six LLM configurations show that resurfacing substantially improves target conversation identification, while persistent memory is associated with higher rates of autonomous target-directed replying. However, neither improvement is accompanied by consistent gains in contextual reconstruction. These results highlight the distinction between accessing previous conversations, choosing to re-engage, and maintaining conversational continuity. Our framework provides a way to evaluate these capabilities separately rather than relying on memory retrieval or conversational response quality alone.

cs.AI · cs.SI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2511.06836

NeuroBridge: Bio-Inspired Self-Supervised EEG-to-Image Decoding via Cognitive Priors and Bidirectional Semantic Alignment

Wenjiang Zhang, Sifeng Wang, Yuwei Su, Xinyu Li, Chen Zhang, Suyu Zhong

原文摘要

Visual neural decoding seeks to reconstruct or infer perceived visual stimuli from brain activity patterns, providing critical insights into human cognition and enabling transformative applications in brain-computer interfaces and artificial intelligence. Current approaches, however, remain constrained by the scarcity of high-quality stimulus-brain response pairs and the inherent semantic mismatch between neural representations and visual content. Inspired by perceptual variability and co-adaptive strategy of the biological systems, we propose a novel self-supervised architecture, named NeuroBridge, which integrates Cognitive Prior Augmentation (CPA) with Shared Semantic Projector (SSP) to promote effective cross-modality alignment. Specifically, CPA simulates perceptual variability by applying asymmetric, modality-specific transformations to both EEG signals and images, enhancing semantic diversity. Unlike previous approaches, SSP establishes a bidirectional alignment process through a co-adaptive strategy, which mutually aligns features from two modalities into a shared semantic space for effective cross-modal learning. NeuroBridge surpasses previous state-of-the-art methods under both intra-subject and inter-subject settings. In the intra-subject scenario, it achieves the improvements of 12.3% in top-1 accuracy and 10.2% in top-5 accuracy, reaching 63.2% and 89.9% respectively on a 200-way zero-shot retrieval task. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and scalability of the proposed framework for neural visual decoding.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39779

Diagnosing Optimizer-Landscape Interaction via Representation in Subset Selection Multitasking: Evidence from Piano Fingering

Ananda Phan Iman, Tingyang Wei, Chang Wook Ahn

原文摘要

Continuous relaxations are commonly used as an encoding scheme for evolutionary multitasking optimization (EMTO), allowing heterogeneous tasks to be optimized within a unified search space. However, these continuous representations fundamentally reshape the induced fitness landscape, and their impact on optimization behavior and knowledge transfer remains underexplored. In this work, we bridge the gap by analyzing the interaction between the representation-induced fitness landscape and optimizer behavior through fitness landscape analysis. Using piano fingering estimation as a representative case of the subset selection problem, we introduce several encoding variants and investigate how their induced landscapes influence search dynamics and solution quality under EMTO. Our analysis indicates that transfer efficacy is strongly associated with changes in representation-induced landscape characteristics, rather than algorithmic factors alone, highlighting the representation design as the key factor of effective knowledge transfer in multitasking optimization.

cs.NE · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39778

SCOPE: Semantic COdec Pre-Editing for Object-Preserving Compression

Silvia Dani, Leonardo Galteri, Marco Bertini

原文摘要

Image compression is increasingly used before machine vision systems, yet standard codecs are mainly optimized for human perception rather than downstream task accuracy. We propose SCOPE (Semantic COdec Pre-Editing), a conditional image pre-editor that modifies images before compression to improve the bitrate and detection accuracy trade-off. The model is conditioned on the codec family and compression severity, allowing a single trained network to adapt to multiple compression settings without retraining or loading codec-specific weights. Instead of uniformly preserving the whole image, the pre-editor learns to protect task-relevant regions while simplifying less important background content to improve compressibility. The resulting rate-accuracy curves show consistent gains across different codec families and detector architectures, together with strong transferability to unseen learned and wavelet-based compression families.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39777

Surface Conditioning for Zero-Shot Multivariate Correction in a Marine Biogeochemistry Emulator

Gabriela Martínez Balbontín, Anastase Charantonis, Dominique Béréziat, Stefano Ciavatta

原文摘要

Bias correction in process-based models usually means iterative data assimilation with explicit covariance modelling. We propose a lightweight alternative based on a neural emulator of marine biogeochemistry (BGC), showing that the conditioning pathway of its autoencoder can serve as an observation injection point. The decoder is conditioned on surface variables via Feature-wise Linear Modulation (FiLM), originally designed to incorporate physical boundary forcings. We extend these inputs to include surface chlorophyll-a and replace the simulated field with satellite observations at inference time. The surface substitution propagates through the water column, improving agreement with depth-resolved observations at all depths, and spreads to other output variables in a pattern consistent with expected trophic relationships.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2506.03988

RAID: A Dataset for Testing the Adversarial Robustness of AI-Generated Image Detectors

Hicham Eddoubi, Jonas Ricker, Federico Cocchi, Angelo Sotgiu, Maura Pintor, Marcella Cornia, Lorenzo Baraldi, Asja Fischer 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

AI-generated images (AIGIs) have reached a level of quality at which humans are unable to reliably distinguish them from real images. To counter the inherent risks of fraud and disinformation, their detection is a pressing challenge and an active research topic. While many of the presented methods claim high detection accuracy, they are often evaluated without considering their adversarial robustness. In real-world scenarios, malicious actors can modify AIGIs, e.g., through imperceptible perturbations, to evade detection systems. In this work, we provide a dataset to assess the robustness of AI-generated image detectors. We present RAID (Robust evaluation of AI-generated image Detectors), a benchmark dataset of 216k diverse and transferable adversarial images. The proposed dataset is created starting from images generated by four different text-to-image models (to promote diversity) and optimizing attacks against an ensemble of seven state-of-the-art detectors (to promote transferability). Extensive experiments show that our methodology generates adversarial images that transfer to unseen detectors, degrading the performance of every detector outside the attack ensemble that we evaluate, and provides a practical, worst-case robustness screen: failure on RAID is a strong indicator that a detector is not adversarially robust. We release our dataset at https://huggingface.co/datasets/aimagelab/RAID and evaluation code at https://github.com/pralab/RAID.

cs.CV · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.11508

LiBrA-Net: Lie-Algebraic Bilateral Affine Fields for Real-Time 4K Video Dehazing

Yongcong Wang, Chengchao Shen, Guangwei Gao, Wei Wang, Pengwen Dai, Dianjie Lu, Guijuan Zhang, Zhuoran Zheng

原文摘要

Currently, there is a gap in the field of ultra-high-definition (UHD) video dehazing due to the lack of a benchmark for evaluation. Furthermore, existing video dehazing methods cannot run on consumer-grade GPUs when processing continuous UHD sequences of 3--5 frames at a time. In this paper, we address both issues with a new benchmark and an efficient method. Our key observation is that atmospheric dehazing reduces to a per-pixel affine transform governed by the low-frequency depth field, which can be compactly encoded in bilateral grids whose prediction cost is decoupled from the output resolution. Building on this, we propose LiBrA-Net, which factorizes the spatiotemporal affine field into a spatial--color and a temporal bilateral sub-grid predicted at a fixed low resolution, fuses their coefficients in the $\mathfrak{gl}(3)$ Lie algebra under group-theoretic regularization, maps the result to invertible $GL(3)$ transforms via a Cayley parameterization, and restores high-frequency detail through a lightweight input-guided branch. We further release UHV-4K, the first paired 4K video dehazing benchmark with depth, transmission, and optical-flow annotations on every frame. Across UHV-4K, REVIDE, and HazeWorld, LiBrA-Net sets a new state of the art among compared video dehazing methods while running native 4K at 25FPS on a single GPU with only 6.12M parameters. Code is available at https://github.com/ycwang31/LiBrA-Net.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39775

Teaching a Tree to Recover: Online Distillation of an LLM Supervisor with Counterfactual Replay

Kristian Ceder, Kilian Freitag, Knut Åkesson

原文摘要

Autonomous mobile robots commonly pair a global planner with a local model predictive controller (MPC), but nonconvex obstacle avoidance and a limited horizon can make the robot freeze in complex layouts. Deciding whether to replan, wait, or call for help is a supervisory decision. Recent work queries a large language model (LLM) supervisor on every anomaly, which is slow and costly. We instead distill the LLM online into a decision tree. After each training episode, counterfactual replay labels recoveries as needed, unnecessary, or harmful. These labels retire unhelpful rules. In simulation, on 20 unseen layouts where the MPC alone freezes, the tree handles at least 18 correctly across all seeds, either by reaching the goal or by calling for help when no feasible path exists. The tree matches both an always-query LLM supervisor and expert-designed rules, while issuing no LLM queries at test time. Handwritten rules cannot anticipate the long tail of situations a physical robot will encounter. Online distillation is a promising remedy: the tree handles familiar cases, and the LLM is consulted only for new ones, whose validated recoveries become new rules. Language models can thus also serve as designers of supervisors rather than only as runtime supervisors.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.18535

Meta-Video: Efficient Standardized Evaluation for Video Understanding

Soumya Shamarao Jahagirdar, Anna Kukleva, Vishaal Udandarao, Samuel Thomas, Brian Kingsbury, Rogerio Feris, James R. Glass, Ameya Prabhu 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Video understanding benchmarks are the primary yardstick for measuring progress in video-language modeling, and a growing body of work relies on them to claim improvements. The reported benchmark scores in these works, however, are almost always produced by frameworks (e.g., lmms eval) used as black boxes: certain evaluation choices like frame sampling, preprocessing, and input formatting are inherited from preset defaults and seldom inspected carefully. We show these unexamined choices are a major source of variance. Even for the same model checkpoint, evaluation configuration alone can shift accuracy by up to 19.5pp. Hence, it is unclear whether reported gains reflect genuine improvements in capability or differences in evaluation setup. Moreover, many benchmark samples offer little evidence of visual capability, since they can be answered without the video, and the full suites are expensive to evaluate. We address these issues in two parts. First, we curate existing suites for discriminability and efficiency, producing Meta-Video, a balanced 1,000-question benchmark over 791 videos spanning diverse tasks and durations, which largely preserves model rankings, at 5 times inference speedup for a full-frame count sweep experiment (4-128 frames). Second, we establish a standardized evaluation protocol by sweeping the configuration space to isolate choices that measurably affect results, distill them into best practices and reporting standards, and release reproducible reference scores across five models and seven benchmarks. We hope that the proposed evaluation framework and the Meta-Video benchmark will support video understanding research by providing a reproducible and efficient foundation to measure progress in a reliable way. Project page: https://soumyasj.github.io/meta-video/

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39773

Quantum-Inspired Convolutional Networks for High-Resolution Pseudo-Label Generation from Multimodal Earth Observation Data

Abhishek Singh, Giovanni Cuozzo, Alexander Jacob, Claudia Notarnicola

原文摘要

Accurate land-cover mapping from multimodal Earth observation (EO) data remains a challenge in regions where high-resolution annotations are scarce or costly to obtain. This work introduces a quantum convolutional encoder-decoder network for pseudo-label generation using Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, guided only by coarse MODIS-derived land-cover maps. The proposed framework uses quantum-inspired convolutional blocks to enhance feature extraction and cross-sensor fusion, enabling the model to infer a fine-scale semantic structure from heterogeneous inputs. Experiments were conducted on the DFC2020 dataset, which provides a quadruple of Sentinel-1 SAR, Sentinel-2 multispectral, low-resolution MODIS labels and high-resolution reference land-cover maps. The proposed training framework first learns a robust representation of multimodal inputs through the reconstruction branch before any supervision from low-resolution labels is applied. This self-supervised stage enables the model to capture a fine-scale spectral-spatial structure, which is then used to generate high-resolution pseudo-labels. These pseudo-labels are subsequently evaluated through classification metrics on the test data, demonstrating that the proposed approach produces more spatially coherent and class-consistent compared to classical baselines. The results highlight the potential of quantum-inspired deep learning to improve label generation in low-annotation remote sensing scenarios, offering a scalable path towards high-quality land-cover products for EO applications.

cs.LG · cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39768

Multi-output LSTM soft sensors for industrial anaerobic co-digestion using LSTM-beta-VAE generative data augmentation

Rohit Murali, Benaissa Dekhici, Tao Chen, Dongda Zhang, Michael Short

原文摘要

Anaerobic digestion (AD) requires close monitoring of key process variables, including pH, the ratio of volatile organic acids to alkaline buffer capacity and biogas production, to maintain biological stability and prevent process failure. While mechanistic frameworks such as the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 are highly parameterised, computationally expensive, and difficult to calibrate for real-time applications, data-driven Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks offer a potentially more adaptable alternative. However, current data-driven approaches in AD are predominantly limited to single-output architectures that focus solely on production yields, as opposed to simultaneous prediction of vital stability indicators. Furthermore, industrial AD datasets are typically sparse and skewed toward steady-state operations. Baseline evaluations demonstrated this scarcity prevents standard algorithms (Random Forest, XGBoost) and unaugmented LSTMs from recognising the transition to unstable operations, resulting in poor estimation of stability indicators. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a novel generative data augmentation framework using an LSTM-beta-Variational Autoencoder coupled with a multi-output LSTM (MO-LSTM) soft sensor. By synthesising physically valid sequences of these transitions to unstable operations from one year of full-scale plant data, the method safely populates sparse regions of the feature space. Trained on this augmented dataset, the MO-LSTM achieved robust simultaneous estimation across all targets. This approach mitigates data sparsity, providing a basis for hybrid mechanistic-data-driven modelling and early-warning soft sensors in industrial bioprocesses.

cs.LG · cs.AI · eess.SY

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.19906

Learning and Transferring Closed-Loop Robot Software

So Kuroki, Kento Kawaharazuka, Yujin Tang

原文摘要

Closed-loop robot policies require observation processing, state management, and situation-dependent branching, making them costly to design and tune manually. Although coding agents increasingly support control-code generation and optimization, it remains unclear whether implementations improved on source tasks also support policy acquisition for new tasks. We study this question by treating complete closed-loop implementations as reusable execution experience. To learn each source policy, a coding agent generates policy code from a few successful demonstrations and iteratively improves it using simulation feedback. The validation-selected implementations are retained in a software archive. To transfer the acquired software to new tasks, the agent generates and improves policies using archived implementations, target demonstrations, and execution feedback. We evaluate policy learning and its relationship to cross-task transfer. For learning, across four source tasks in RoboCasa, iterative optimization increases the success rate from 28.3% with initially generated policy code to 64.2% with validation-selected policy code. We further validate this learning approach on a physical Unitree G1. For transfer, across nine additional target tasks in RoboCasa, success rates are 45.2% without references, 41.5% using initially generated policy code from source tasks, and 57.0% using their validation-selected policy code. These results show that improving source-task code also improves learning on new tasks.

cs.RO · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39766

Activation Probes Are Reliable With a Handful of Positive Examples

Riya Tyagi, Stefan Heimersheim

原文摘要

Efforts to monitor advanced AI for rare misalignments face a data challenge: abundant aligned examples but only a handful of misaligned ones. We test activation probes in this "few vs. thousands" regime on spam and honesty detection tasks. For our tasks, training with many negative examples is on average more positive-sample-efficient than balanced training for small numbers (1-10) of positive samples. We also find that LLM upsampling can provide a performance boost equivalent to roughly doubling the number of real positive samples, though excessive upsampling hurts performance. Finally, we show a positive scaling trend, where larger models are more positive-sample-efficient to probe. Our findings suggest we should leverage the large number of negative samples available to amplify the signal from rare but critical misalignment examples.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.08557

Combining Constrained Sampling and Reinforcement Learning for Manipulation

Marc Toussaint, Cornelius V. Braun, Armand Jordana, Sayantan Auddy, Eckart Cobo-Briesewitz, Denis Shcherba, Tilman Burghoff, Justin Carpentier

原文摘要

Training manipulation policies in contact-rich settings is a core challenge in robotics. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated its strength in such settings, it may struggle to sufficiently explore and discover complex manipulation strategies. To address this, we combine two basic ideas: First, designing appropriate reset strategies (the start state distribution of episodes) has shown promise in improving RL exploration and effectiveness. Second, while model-based approaches to finding trajectories through manipulation are hard, recent work showed that model-based approaches to sampling states on constrained manifolds can be highly efficient. Based on these observations, we propose a novel state sampler that enables efficient goal-conditioned RL in complex contact-rich manipulation tasks. Our sampler explicitly takes into account the structure of contact in order to provide a rich covering of diverse contact modes. By combining constrained sampling resets with projected interpolation and curriculum learning, our novel approach outperforms RL without constrained sampling and alternative reset methods, and effectively trains universal, prehensile and non-prehensile manipulation policies in contact-rich whole-body and in-hand settings. See the project page https://www.user.tu-berlin.de/mtoussai/26-CSRL/ for videos and full source code access.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2608.24275

RePolicy: Learning to Select and Apply Safety Policies for Agent Safeguards

Houcheng Jiang, Boxuan Zhang, Qiyong Zhong, Junfeng Fang, Xiang Wang, Xiangnan He

原文摘要

Agent safeguards must determine whether an agent's behavior violates the safety rules of the current task, environment, and user. Because these rules vary across contexts, a safeguard needs to select the relevant policy before judging the behavior. Existing policy-aware safeguards can apply a supplied policy, but generally assume that the correct policy is already known. They therefore do not learn how to select a policy from a library, even though an incorrect choice can lead to an incorrect safety judgment. We introduce RePolicy, a safeguard that jointly learns policy selection and safety assessment. Given an agent trajectory and a set of candidate policies, RePolicy selects the policy that best matches the situation, applies its requirements, and predicts whether the behavior is safe. We construct PolicyTraj-20K, a dataset of more than 20,000 agent trajectories annotated with applicable policies, safety labels, and explanations. We train RePolicy with supervised demonstrations followed by reinforcement learning, while randomizing policy order, identifiers, and distractors to reduce shortcut learning. Across six agent-safety benchmarks and 19 baselines, RePolicy-4B achieves leading overall safety-detection performance and improves policy-selection accuracy. These results show that safeguards can learn which safety requirements to use for assessing agent behavior.

cs.AI · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.36078

Learning on-the-fly quasi-stationarity diagnostics from low-dimensional surrogates

Noé Blassel

原文摘要

Accelerated dynamics methods, such as parallel replica dynamics, require estimates of the decorrelation time, after which a process trapped in one of its metastable states is distributed according to the quasi-stationary distribution (QSD). In a method proposed by Binder, Lelièvre and Simpson, decorrelation times are defined by coupling a particle approximation of the non-linear conditioned probability flow of the process with MCMC-inspired diagnostics. We explore an alternative to MCMC diagnostics, based on coarse-graining of non-linear probability flows and simulation-based inference. We first develop a coarse-graining framework for killed Markov jump processes conditioned on survival, proving uniform-in-time, non-asymptotic estimates approximating the non-linear probability flow of the true process by the non-linear flow of a surrogate process, defined with a collective variable. The framework does not assume reversibility of the true process, and also gives bounds which scale explicitly in an adiabatic regime. Motivated by these results, we then construct a quasi-stationarity diagnostic using simulation-based inference: a recurrent neural network (RNN), trained on particle approximations of non-linear effective flows, estimates posterior probabilities of decorrelation. The learned diagnostic is then transferred to collective-variable traces of high-dimensional particle approximations. We investigate the behavior and robustness of this diagnostic on a set of numerical experiments, comparing it to the MCMC diagnostic of Binder et al.\ on both synthetic examples and a molecular system, in and out of its training prior distribution. When its prior assumptions hold, the RNN diagnostic outperforms the MCMC diagnostic in ROC analysis, is less conservative, fails less often, and has an interpretable decision threshold.

stat.ML · cs.LG · math.PR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2510.05071

Adaptive Modular Retrieval-Augmented Framework for Cross-Domain Image Classification

Debojyoti Ghosh, Soumya K Ghosh, Adrijit Goswami

原文摘要

Effective image classification in real-world scenarios requires models capable of capturing both local features and global context, while adapting to the evolving complexity of the input. This paper presents a hybrid deep learning system named AMR-Net (Adaptive Modular Retrieval Network) for adaptable image classification in environmental and industrial contexts. The proposed model integrates ResNet-based local feature extraction and Vision Transformer-based global representation learning with an FAISS-based memory retrieval module for contextual enhancement. Furthermore, AMR-Net has an adaptive modular extension mechanism to dynamically enhance network capacity when validation performance plateaus during training. The proposed framework was evaluated using a ten-class waste classification dataset and the Kolektor Surface Defect Dataset 2 (KolektorSDD2), achieving classification accuracies of 97.15% and 99.80%, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that AMR-Net consistently outperforms mainstream convolutional and transformer-based approaches while maintaining robust cross-domain generalization. Component-wise ablation studies show that global attention (ViT), retrieval-based contextual learning (FAISS), and adaptive modular growth each provide complementary and partially overlapping contributions to overall performance, with global attention contributing the largest individual gain. The proposed architecture is a scalable and flexible solution for image classification challenges characterized by data unpredictability, class imbalance, and dynamic feature distributions.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.32794

Consommé: Conditioned Token Merging for Split Inference

Man Ngo, Jan S. Rellermeyer

原文摘要

Split inference partitions a Vision Transformer between a resource-constrained edge device and a server. However, transmitting intermediate tokens across the communication channel is costly. Deploying fine-tuned backbones to every endpoint becomes expensive as well. We study token reduction for split inference under a frozen backbone, where only a small adapter is shipped. We observe that the CLS token plays a dual role: it acts as the global summary the receiver needs for classification, and it serves as a signal on which patches to keep. We propose Consommé, a method utilizing both characteristics. There, an information bottleneck compresses the CLS token into a compact latent which is transmitted in place of the full CLS token and conditions a learned patch gate merging patches into exactly $k$ tokens via soft assignment. It reaches any budget in a single step, thus escaping the per-layer cap of bipartite matching (BPM). On DeiT-S/T, it leads all methods at aggressive token budgets and remains operable at shallow splits where BPM cannot operate, while matching fine-tuned methods at gentle budgets at a fraction of their deployment cost.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.24005

PACE: Pareto-Adaptive Compression for Efficient Native MLLMs

Lei Tian, Chunzheng Zhu, Kai Wu, Yifan Zhang, Haihua Yang

原文摘要

Native multimodal large language models (native MLLMs) jointly encode visual and linguistic sequences within a unified autoregressive Transformer, emerging as a promising paradigm for multimodal understanding. Unlike conventional ViT-based MLLMs relying on external vision encoders, ViT-free native MLLMs tokenize pixel patches directly, potentially suffering severe visual token redundancy. A pilot study confirms this: unlike ViT-based models that degrade under compression, ViT-free MLLMs tolerate aggressive compression with near-lossless or even improved performance. Yet existing compression methods target ViT-based settings, leaving native MLLMs, which stand to gain the most, unexplored. To close this gap, we introduce an analysis pipeline centered on token discriminability and cross-dimensional heterogeneous redundancy, revealing that (i) redundancy is distributed independently and heterogeneously along height and width axes, and (ii) early-layer visual tokens are indiscriminable and uniformly redundant. Guided by these findings, we propose PACE (Pareto-Adaptive Compression for Efficient Native MLLMs), the first visual token compression framework tailored for native MLLMs with Multimodal-RoPE. Leveraging dimensional decoupling of positional encoding, PACE decomposes attention into two orthogonal spatial saliency estimates along height and width, gated by a positional attention signal, yielding direction-aware importance with negligible overhead. It further casts token budget allocation as Pareto optimization over performance preservation, inference efficiency, and spatial coverage, jointly identifying optimal compression depths and retention ratios. Experiments show PACE maintains near-lossless performance at only 25%-50% visual token retention, even improving several benchmarks, while delivering over 2x FLOPs reduction.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2411.04852

Conformalized Credal Regions for Classification with Ambiguous Ground Truth

Michele Caprio, David Stutz, Shuo Li, Arnaud Doucet

原文摘要

An open question in \emph{Imprecise Probabilistic Machine Learning} is how to empirically derive a credal region (i.e., a closed and convex family of probabilities on the output space) from the available data, without any prior knowledge or assumption. In classification problems, credal regions are a tool that is able to provide provable guarantees under realistic assumptions by characterizing the uncertainty about the distribution of the labels. Building on previous work, we show that credal regions can be directly constructed using conformal methods. This allows us to provide a novel extension of classical conformal prediction to problems with ambiguous ground truth, that is, when the exact labels for given inputs are not exactly known. The resulting construction enjoys desirable practical and theoretical properties: (i) conformal coverage guarantees, (ii) smaller prediction sets (compared to classical conformal prediction regions) and (iii) disentanglement of uncertainty sources (epistemic, aleatoric). We empirically verify our findings on both synthetic and real datasets.

stat.ML · cs.LG

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39747

When the Top Answer Decides: Gender Bias in Decision Models

Yeb Havinga

原文摘要

Decision models are language models built to route, classify and triage: they return option probabilities from one forward pass, and an application acts on the top answer. They are offered off the shelf, trained for the decision format rather than for fairness or any one application, and we found no bias measurement in their cards. We test TypeSafe's closed Jev and five open decision models on gender-swapped yes/no decisions about people (Tamkin et al., 2023), BBQ, StereoSet and the gender-bias studies of Fulgu and Capraro (2024). Five of the six give women significantly more favourable answers than men (+0.05 to +0.10 in log-odds), and a gender swap changes 1-3.5% of top answers (Jev's partly through its call-to-call variation). The makers' recommended confidence gate removes many biased commitments but raises the stereotyped share of those it keeps in ambiguous BBQ gender questions (granite-switch 0.76 to 0.85, pplx 0.81 to 1.00). Probes show gender preferences in the same models: all six rate violence for a greater good as more acceptable against a man than against a woman, and two default to "girl" when forced to guess a child's gender without a cue. Decision-level and probability-level measures differ, so audits should read a model as its application does.

cs.CL · cs.CY

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39744

PAPERBENCHX: Can AI Reproduce Science Across Disciplines?

Ruoyu Wu, Zengji Tu, Aolong Sun, Tianyi Ma, Junren Li, Xinbo Xu, Li Fu, Ziyan Zhang 等 17 位作者

原文摘要

Before AI can be trusted to discover new science, it should be able to reproduce what science already knows. Reproduction provides a rigorous checkpoint for an AI scientist: the target claim is known, yet recovering it still requires translating an incomplete scientific description into an executable experiment and producing evidence that can be independently verified. Existing research-reproduction benchmarks largely focus on AI and machine learning, where experiments share relatively homogeneous software stacks. Extending this capability across scientific disciplines introduces a different challenge: agents must operate domain-specific scientific software, make physical and numerical choices, diagnose long-running computations, and distinguish valid evidence from merely plausible outputs. We introduce PAPERBENCHX, a benchmark of 93 expert-constructed paper-reproduction tasks spanning 12 research areas across electromagnetics, photonics, chemistry, materials science, biology, and robotics. Each task provides the source paper, a public task specification, and a domain-native scientific environment involving specialized scientific software. Agents must reconstruct a key experiment, execute and diagnose it, and deliver a runnable workflow that supports the target scientific claim. To evaluate scientific validity rather than surface-level agreement, we replay every submission from scratch and score only regenerated evidence against expert-validated criteria. Across 10 frontier agent configurations, the best configuration fully reproduces only 14% tasks under the 90% threshold. Meanwhile, mean rubric scores range from 27.53% to 59.08%, indicating that substantial partial progress rarely translates into complete scientific reproduction. These results reveal a large gap between paper understanding and reliably producing reproducible scientific evidence.

cs.AI

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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.04310

Latent Anchor-Driven Test Generation for Deep Neural Networks

Bin Duan, Matthew B. Dwyer, Guowei Yang

原文摘要

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are increasingly being deployed in security-critical and safety-sensitive applications, which makes rigorous testing essential to identify and mitigate model weaknesses. Existing DNN testing approaches explore either the input space or a learned latent space. While latent-space generation can better maintain plausibility than direct input-space mutation, current methods still face a trade-off among exploration controllability, failure diversity, and seed-relative semantic drift. To overcome these limitations, we propose Latte, a black-box testing framework that generates semantically proximate, diverse, and fault-revealing test cases by leveraging the latent space. Specifically, Latte encodes each input seed with a pre-trained VQ-VAE and performs a seed-centered, one-step latent mutation along directions defined by anchors sampled from alternative classes, followed by quantization and decoding back to the input space. This explores local neighborhoods around each seed within the learned latent manifold, resulting in a larger number and broader diversity of oracle-triggering prediction discrepancies under the same budget. We evaluated Latte on 5 datasets and 10 DNN models in single-model and multi-model testing scenarios. Across the evaluated datasets and models, Latte improves fault exposure and behavioral diversity under matched testing budgets. Under the single-model setting, it also maintains low seed-relative semantic drift with respect to the source seeds.

cs.LG · cs.SE

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39742

The Importance of Speech Genre for End-of-Turn Detector Training

Rini Sharon, Kadri Hacioglu, Jeena Prakash, Andreas Stolcke

原文摘要

End-of-turn (EoT) detection has been studied mostly through features, models, and modalities, while the speech genre of the training data has drawn far less attention. We isolate this factor. Using one reproducible annotation pipeline, we build a matched pair of corpora, multi-turn human-human conversational and single-turn human-machine, and train the same streaming ConvLSTM EoT detector on each. Across four test sets the conversational model reaches up to +0.45 higher F1, driven by fewer false alarms on the mid-turn pauses and hesitations that are rare in single-turn corpora. This conversational-training effect is not specific to frame-level decoding. Under a matched complete-or-not test it also appears at the utterance level, across two encoders, but only on conversational test data. Testing only on single-turn speech, as most prior work does, therefore hides the benefit of conversational training data. Against open-source baselines, our 1.8M-parameter model attains the highest F1 on every test set.

eess.AS · cs.AI

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版本更新 · v4arXiv:2608.27906

Design the Feedback, Not Just the Reward: Environments for Open-Ended Reinforcement Learning

Rui Jin, Jikai Chen, Chengyue Yu, Yihan Chen, Hao Zhou, Demin Zhu, Kaichen Yang, Dong Wang 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning has advanced large language models on tasks with reliable verifiers, where checking an outcome provides a clear basis for reward. Extending this approach to open-ended tasks requires environments that can both evaluate complex, partially successful outputs and turn these judgments into effective learning guidance. We propose a reinforcement learning framework built around a training environment that integrates human domain knowledge with model reasoning. Human domain knowledge, encoded in rubrics, anchors evaluation to task intent, while model reasoning combined with hierarchical rewards distinguishes complex open-ended outputs and links diagnosed failures to likely responsible output regions. Furthermore, these diagnostic attributions guide token-level weights in the GRPO objective, thereby translating the ambiguous notion of success in open-ended tasks into concrete guidance for policy optimization. We instantiate this framework in interactive web application generation, a representative open-ended generation task. The resulting model achieves an average pass rate of 41.25\% on MiniAppBench and 76.19\% on ArtifactsBench. Ablation studies show the contributions of individual components, while additional out-of-distribution evaluations support transferable gains without degrading performance on other evaluated tasks.

cs.AI

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39735

From the Transformer to a Formal Semantics of Coordinated Transformations

Marco Giunti, Fabrizia Giulia Garavaglia

原文摘要

We develop a formal semantics for a general class of coordinated systems of parameterized transformations, taking the Transformer as a paradigmatic starting point but abstracting from its particular mathematical instantiation. Representational vectors receive both extensional reference and ordered intensional interpretations, while parameter structures acquire relative, second-level interpretations that determine how argument properties are preserved, replaced, or combined. This yields the notion of a transforming concept: a parameterized transformation whose numerical action is coordinated with a corresponding property-level map. We then distinguish the common algebraic-semantic core of these systems from their architecture-specific functional organization, allowing different mathematical instantiations and mechanical realizations of the same abstract system type. The framework is applied to attention heads and residual connections, providing semantic explanations that depend only on the shared algebraic-semantic core and their local functional organization and therefore generalize beyond the standard Transformer. These analyses also reveal the modularity of the framework: complex architectures can be decomposed into simpler semantically coordinated subsystems whose organization may recur across different abstract system types.

cs.AI · cs.CL · cs.LO

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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2512.11345

Symmetry-Aware Steering of Equivariant Diffusion Policies: Benefits and Limits

Minwoo Park, Junwoo Chang, Jongeun Choi, Roberto Horowitz

原文摘要

Equivariant diffusion policies (EDPs) combine the expressivity of diffusion models with the generalization and sample efficiency afforded by geometric symmetries. While steering these policies with reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising fine-tuning mechanism beyond demonstration data, directly applying standard (non-equivariant) RL ignores the symmetries that EDPs are designed to exploit, leading to sample inefficiency and instability. We theoretically establish that the diffusion process of an EDP is equivariant, inducing a group-invariant latent-noise MDP which is well-suited for equivariant diffusion steering. Building on this, we introduce a principled symmetry-aware steering framework and compare standard, equivariant, and approximately equivariant RL strategies across tasks with varying degrees of symmetry. While we identify the practical boundaries of strict equivariance under symmetry breaking, exploiting symmetry during the steering yields substantial benefits---enhancing sample efficiency, preventing value divergence, and achieving strong policy improvements even when EDPs are trained from extremely limited demonstrations.

cs.LG · cs.RO

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39733

Bank-World: A Benchmark for Evaluating Agents on Banking Workflows

Daniel Rupawalla

原文摘要

Bank-World is a benchmark of 50 banking tasks across two simulated institutions. Completing banking work requires more than producing the right calculation: agents must reconcile records, obtain permission, execute transactions, and keep instructions and status reports consistent as circumstances change. Bank-World tests these requirements through single-turn assignments and multi-turn interactions with simulated employees who supply information, approve actions, and revise instructions. Grading combines executable checks of recorded actions and state with model judgments of task requirements, including whether valid alternative solutions satisfy them. Across 1,600 attempts by four models, we find that correct decisions often fail to become completed work. Agents charge fees twice, distribute the correct total in incorrect amounts among the recipients, and execute payments while approval is pending. Their strengths also differ: Sol leads single-turn completion, Opus has the highest observed multi-turn completion rate, and Grok succeeds across more multi-turn tasks but less consistently. Bank-World makes these differences inspectable through task-level results and worked examples connecting source evidence, agent decisions, and simulated consequences. We retain the task environments, executable graders, and full trajectories privately to reduce contamination and preserve the benchmark for future evaluations.

cs.AI

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.39731

Going deep, reaching further: What can Boltzmann machines efficiently represent?

Tobias Reinhart, Gemma De les Coves

原文摘要

While universal approximation theorems theoretically underpin the representation capabilities of machine learning models, they have two shortcomings: They do not focus on efficient representations and they tend to be insensitive to depth and other heuristically important properties. In this work we show that these two shortcomings are intertwined. We prove that machine learning models which are deeper or have higher-order interactions can efficiently represent a larger set of functions, i.e. have larger efficient reach. It follows that deep Boltzmann machines (DBMs) have maximal efficient reach, restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) sub-maximal, and k-body generalizations of RBMs form a hierarchy between the two, even though all are universal. More generally, (i) we provide a full characterization of machine learning models with maximal efficient reach; (ii) we derive separations between deep and shallow models for three representation tasks; and (iii) we prove that the efficient reach of shallow models constitutes an infinite hierarchy indexed by the interaction order. The proofs draw on different methodologies, namely on (i) a recent characterization of universal spin models; (ii) computational complexity bounds for spin models; and (iii) communication complexity bounds applied to shallow models. This work shows that universal machine learning models can strongly differ in their efficient representation capabilities, and provides a theoretical foundation for heuristic observations.

cs.LG · cond-mat.dis-nn · math-ph

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