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原文摘要

Scaling exponents of neural dimensionality are read as properties of the code, and used to compare representations and benchmark models against cortex. Yet one recording of 11,311 mouse V1 neurons gives 0.25, 0.30 or 0.35, depending only on how it is subsampled. We show that such an exponent measures the population and the probe together. We split it exactly into a floor, which random subsets of the same sizes give, and a shift, which a declared axis of stimulus classes adds. The usual random-subsample exponent is almost all floor. Stimulus direction lifts the exponent in every grating recording by reading both symmetry sectors of the code: orientation, which repeats every half turn, and direction, which does not. The lift lives in trial-to-trial fluctuations that differ between directions, while the class means, which linear decoders read, pull it down. Two measured terms, how much the classes' fluctuations overlap and how the means sit against them, account for the shift. They give its sign where it changes: in Allen Neuropixels recordings, whose class means mostly raise the exponent, and in macaque V1. In an XY lattice whose classes stay on one orbit, temperature flips the sign as the two terms say, and in GPT-2 the shift ranks the indirect-object circuit's name-mover and backup heads. Reported with its path, its floor and its shift, an exponent says how much structure a probe finds and what carries it. Our open tool, rung, reports all three for any labelled neural recording or language-model layer: https://github.com/adilamin89/structure-in-the-zoom