Embedding models are often used for semantic retrieval in high-stakes domains such as law enforcement, where biased outputs can have severe consequences. We systematically measure racial bias in six widely used embedding models by computing similarity scores between crime incident texts that include racial identity tokens and simple law enforcement queries. The analysis reveals that racial descriptors consistently affect cosine similarity scores and retrieval rankings for semantically identical crime incidents. All models exhibit statistically significant bias, with magnitude varying across models. This study provides a comprehensive methodology and metrics to aid the selection of embedding models when deploying NLP-based systems in the law enforcement domain. Organizations can reduce bias at low cost through informed model selection. The methodology establishes reproducible metrics for measuring bias in embedding-based systems.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 6: Industry Track) · 2026 · 正式发表
We propose a comprehensive research agenda to detect, measure, and mitigate racial bias in Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems deployed in criminal justice contexts. Our preliminary work demonstrates that racial descriptors systematically alter embedding similarity scores and retrieval rankings across six models, with bias being race-specific and models showing rank displacements of 1.82 to 7.44 positions, on average. This empirically indicates that even small shifts in similarity scores can displace relevant records outside top-10 results, leading to systematic under-retrieval of records involving certain demographic groups.Building on these findings, this thesis proposes four research questions: (1) developing and evaluating debiasing techniques including counterfactual data augmentation, adversarial training, and fairness-constrained fine-tuning; (2) validating synthetic findings on authentic law enforcement data through IRB-approved partnerships; (3) investigating intersectional bias patterns across race, gender, and age; and (4) we extend beyond embedding-level analysis to examine how bias propagates across modern multi-stage retrieval pipelines from embeddings to cross-encoders to LLMs. Expected contributions include empirical comparisons of debiasing methods, bias benchmarks for criminal justice NLP, deployment guidelines for fairness-aware retrieval systems, and the first comprehensive analysis of multi-stage bias propagation in retrieval pipelines.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 4: Student Research Workshop) · 2026 · 正式发表