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原文摘要

Spectral contrastive learning keeps the $k$ directions along which two views of the data depend most strongly, while downstream tasks may need other directions. Existing guarantees for spectral features assume that the distribution of tasks has no preferred direction. We show that this isotropy condition is the wrong criterion. With linear probing, the task distribution affects the average probing gain only through the matrix $BΛB^\top$, where $B$ records the dependence between views and $Λ$ is the task covariance: optimal features span its top-$k$ eigenspace, whereas spectral features span that of $BB^\top$. Transfer therefore depends on alignment, and strongly uneven task preferences cost nothing when they favour the spectral directions. Otherwise the regret of spectral features is at most linear in the anisotropy of $Λ$. No representation chosen without task information improves this rate when the leading spectrum is flat, and a spectral gap makes it quadratic. With labelled tasks, the same matrix gives a correction: Fisher discriminant directions for a frozen encoder, or a one-term change to the spectral contrastive loss. We bound the regret of the correction by the error in estimating $BΛB^\top$, and compare this error with the misalignment of spectral features to decide when to correct. The analysis extends to finite samples, continuous variables and noisy views. Correction reduces synthetic held-out regret from $0.858$ to $0.003$ with $2000$ labelled tasks, and the decision rule gives the lowest regret among the tested rules at every bank size. On CIFAR-100, spectral features of frozen encoders keep most of the task signal on unseen classes, and where a bank of other classes would lower accuracy, the rule keeps them in every case.