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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2603.01478

Contract-Theoretic Semantic Abstraction for Covert Communication in LAENets

Yansheng Liu, Jinbo Wen, Kun Zhu, Hui Li, Yang Zhang, Jiawen Kang

原文摘要

In Low-Altitude Economy Networks (LAENets), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) transmit task-related information to the Base Station (BS) under stringent low-probability-of-detection constraints. These constraints limit transmission resources, hindering reliable information delivery through conventional bit-level communication. Semantic Communication (SemCom) addresses this challenge by prioritizing task-relevant information over bit-level accuracy. However, semantic abstraction must balance information loss and redundancy to preserve task reliability and transmission efficiency. Moreover, the BS cannot directly observe or reliably verify UAVs' semantic processing capabilities and abstraction-dependent transmission costs, leading to information asymmetry. We propose an incentive-aware semantic abstraction framework for covert communications in LAENets. Specifically, we adjust UAV-side semantic abstraction levels to provide differentiated covert semantic services under fixed-dimensional transmission payloads. To address information asymmetry, we develop a contract-theoretic model and adopt Prospect Theory (PT) to capture risk-sensitive semantic abstraction decisions under uncertainty. We further design a Regularized Diffusion-based Soft Actor-Critic (RDSAC) algorithm for optimal contract design under PT, incorporating diffusion entropy and action entropy regularization. Numerical results validate the proposed framework and show that RDSAC improves average rewards by 6.77% over SAC and 31.78% over proximal policy optimization.

cs.NI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.11355

Attacking Slide Puzzle CAPTCHAs Based on Time and Space Generative Adversarial Networks

Rui Guo, Xuelian Xie, Botao Xu, Kesheng Liu, Wenxian Wang, Haizhou Wang

原文摘要

CAPTCHAs can protect websites from malicious attacks. As a typical representative of behavior CAPTCHAs, slide puzzle CAPTCHAs have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their user-friendliness and high security. Previous attack methods on slide puzzle CAPTCHA mainly face challenges in the following four aspects. (1) The defense mechanisms of previous slide puzzle CAPTCHAs were relatively simple. The current slide puzzle CAPTCHAs have added complex interferences, detected slide trajectory features in the two-dimensional space, and added other defense mechanisms. (2) The previous notch detection methods were difficult to accurately locate the notch positions. (3) Previous attack trajectories were limited to the horizontal dimension, making them impossible to pass the existing detection. (4) The previous attack trajectories were generated by fitting functions, which were relatively simple and could not well simulate the slide characteristics of human users. In response to the above challenges, firstly, we systematically analyze the defense strategies of six most popular slide puzzle CAPTCHAs: Capy, Dingxiang, Geetest, Kyger, Shumei and Tencent. Secondly, for each type of CAPTCHA, we construct a notch detection dataset and a slide trajectory dataset separately. Thirdly, we use advanced YOLOv11 to detect the notch positions and train generative adversarial networks (GAN) to generate attack trajectories. As far as we know, we are the first to generate attack trajectories by directly learning human slide trajectory characteristic. According to the experimental results, this method cracked six most popular slide puzzle CAPTCHAs with success rates of over 90\%, and the attack time is only about 5 seconds, indicating that the security of existing slide puzzle CAPTCHAs is facing challenge. At the same time, we propose various methods to enhance the security of slide puzzle CAPTCHAs.

cs.CR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.08354

Auto-Rubric as Reward: From Implicit Preferences to Explicit Multimodal Generative Criteria

Juanxi Tian, Fengyuan Liu, Jiaming Han, Yilei Jiang, Yongliang Wu, Yesheng Liu, Haodong Li, Furong Xu 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Aligning multimodal generative models with human preferences demands reward signals that respect the compositional, multi-dimensional structure of human judgment. Prevailing RLHF approaches reduce this structure to scalar or pairwise labels, collapsing nuanced preferences into opaque parametric proxies and exposing vulnerabilities to reward hacking. While recent Rubrics-as-Reward (RaR) methods attempt to recover this structure through explicit criteria, generating rubrics that are simultaneously reliable, scalable, and data-efficient remains an open problem. We introduce Auto-Rubric as Reward (ARR), a framework that reframes reward modeling from implicit weight optimization to explicit, criteria-based decomposition. Before any pairwise comparison, ARR externalizes a VLM's internalized preference knowledge as prompt-specific rubrics, translating holistic intent into independently verifiable quality dimensions. This conversion of implicit preference structure into inspectable, interpretable constraints substantially suppresses evaluation biases including positional bias, enabling both zero-shot deployment and few-shot conditioning on minimal supervision. To extend these gains into generative training, we propose Rubric Policy Optimization (RPO), which distills ARR's structured multi-dimensional evaluation into a robust binary reward, replacing opaque scalar regression with rubric-conditioned preference decisions that stabilize policy gradients. On text-to-image generation and image editing benchmarks, ARR-RPO outperforms pairwise reward models and VLM judges, demonstrating that explicitly externalizing implicit preference knowledge into structured rubrics achieves more reliable, data-efficient multimodal alignment, revealing that the bottleneck is the absence of a factorized interface, not a deficit of knowledge.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.22893

L-FAME: Longitudinal Focused Attention Meditation EEG Dataset and Benchmark

Angqi Li, Ab Basit Rafi Syed, Hamzeh Alzweri, Taosheng Liu, Barry H. Cohen, Saiprasad Ravishankar

原文摘要

We introduce a novel Longitudinal Focused Attention Meditation Electroencephalography (L-FAME) dataset and an accompanying benchmark, designed to foster research into the neural effects of various meditation practices and the evolution of these effects over a six-week training period. The dataset includes baseline EEG recordings from 74 healthy college participants, of whom 44 completed the six-week intervention and returned for post-intervention recordings, along with psychological assessments. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three distinct meditation groups: two mantra-based techniques (SA-TA-NA-MA and Hare Krishna) and one Breath Focus practice. Leveraging this unique longitudinal and comparative dataset, we propose a benchmark suite comprising three distinct classification tasks: (1) cognitive state decoding to distinguish between resting and meditation states, (2) fine-grained classification of the specific meditation techniques, and (3) cross-session adaptation to evaluate model generalization across the longitudinal time gap. We provide comprehensive baseline results for these tasks utilizing a range of classical machine learning algorithms and deep learning architectures. The complete dataset, preprocessing pipelines, and benchmark evaluation code are being publicly released, offering a valuable resource and a standardized framework for the development and comparison of new analytical methods in computational meditation research and EEG-based machine learning. The dataset is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/L-FAME-Dataset-Benchmark/L-FAME

eess.SP · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10379

RefineSplat: Reconstruction-Guided Object-Centric Gaussian Splatting for Open-Vocabulary Querying

Yiren Lu, Disheng Liu, Sreya Srinidhi, Yunlai Zhou, Yiran Qiao, Chaoda Song, Tuo Liang, Jing Ma 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Open-vocabulary 3D scene understanding aims to segment and retrieve arbitrary objects in 3D scenes using natural language queries. Most existing methods typically follow a splat-then-segment paradigm, where 3D Gaussian Splatting is first reconstructed and then augmented with labels or language features for subsequent segmentation. However, this pipeline often suffers from view inconsistency, ambiguous object boundaries, and weak object-level correspondence, especially in complex static and dynamic scenes. Building on our prior Segment-then-Splat framework, we present RefineSplat, a reconstruction-guided extension that retains its object-centric paradigm: it first tracks objects in 2D and then reconstructs each object with a dedicated set of 3D Gaussians, preserving explicit object-Gaussian correspondence for unified open-vocabulary segmentation and retrieval. To improve robustness, we further close the loop between 2D tracking and 3D reconstruction. Since off-the-shelf video trackers can produce unreliable masks that propagate errors into object reconstruction, we introduce a reconstruction-guided feedback mechanism that refines object tracking using rendered masks and multi-view consistency. Moreover, instead of assigning each object a single language embedding, we propose a viewpoint-aware embedding assignment strategy, where each object maintains multiple view-clustered embeddings to capture view-dependent semantic cues. We also introduce Blender-OVS, a synthetic benchmark of static and dynamic sequences with exact object meshes and point clouds, enabling direct evaluation of extracted geometry. Experiments on static and dynamic benchmarks show improved rendered-view segmentation and lower object-level Chamfer distances, with competitive scene reconstruction quality.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38095

Nemotron 3.5 Super and Lightning: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Models for Agentic AI

NVIDIA, :, Aastha Jhunjhunwala, Aayushi Ashokkumar Srivastava, Abhibha Gupta, Abhinav Garg, Abhinav Khattar, Achsah Wildish 等 559 位作者

原文摘要

We introduce Nemotron 3.5 Super and Nemotron 3.5 Lightning, open and efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer models designed for reasoning, long-context understanding, and agentic workloads. Super is a 120B-parameter, 12B-active multimodal model, while Lightning is a smaller 30B-parameter, 3B-active text model; both designed for efficient deployment. Both models combine large-scale distillation, long-context training, and native speculative decoding, while Super further incorporates Indic continued pretraining and agentic software-engineering mid-training. We develop a comprehensive post-training pipeline spanning supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning (RLVR and RLHF), complemented in Super by specialized teacher training and multi- teacher on-policy distillation (MOPD). This transforms Super from a text-only base model into a multimodal agent capable of reasoning over text, images, video, and interactive tool environments. We further explore test-time scaling through parallel agent execution and self-verification. Across training and deployment, we jointly optimize capability and efficiency. Indic continued pretraining improves Indian-language benchmarks by up to 9.82 percentage points, while agentic mid-training strengthens software-engineering capabilities and robustness across agent harnesses. The post-trained Super model achieves 51.78% on SWE-bench Pro, surpassing Nemotron 3 Ultra despite using approximately 4.6x fewer active parameters. Post-training MTP boosting improves speculative- decoding acceptance length by up to 21.8% under probabilistic draft sampling, while NVFP4 quantization achieves 99.62% median accuracy recovery relative to BF16. Inference optimizations enable up to 4,856 output tokens/s/GPU on GB200 while sustaining at least 50 tokens/s/user.

cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.34662

StreamVibe: Proactive Video Agents for Evolving User Intent

Chengzhi Liu, Yuxiang Lai, Yuzhe Yang, Yanqing Liu, Jiheng Hou, Yue Cao, Haonan Wang, Ruixi Fan 等 16 位作者

原文摘要

Vision-language models are shifting from offline passive understanding toward online proactive interaction. However, prevailing methods largely rely on explicit requests while overlooking implicit user intents (e.g., "where should I click next?" when a user is navigating a website) and fail to continuously update their understanding as user intents evolve. These limitations make them less suitable for intent-aware interaction in real-world scenarios. To address these challenges, we introduce StreamVibe-Bench, a new benchmark that serves as a testbed for user intent understanding and interaction, comprising 4.1K evaluation samples and 85K training samples spanning explicit, implicit, and dynamic intents. Building on this benchmark, we develop StreamVibe-VL, a streaming proactive model that infers implicit user intents from continuous observations and dynamically adapts its interactions as these intents evolve. We further introduce StreamVibe-Harness, which maintains user intents as persistent states with flexible lifecycles through hierarchical memory, enabling it to track the latest user intents and environmental states. Our experiments reveal three key findings: (i) StreamVibe-VL preserves strong general video understanding capabilities while improving response timing and answer quality by 10.7% over existing baselines; (ii) existing proactive models remain limited in understanding user intents and determining when to respond, especially under implicit and dynamic intents; and (iii) StreamVibe-Harness further improves response consistency and adaptation during sustained interactions, resulting in a 12.3% gain in proactive interaction performance.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

OctoTools: A Multi-Agent Framework with Extensible Tools for Complex Reasoning

Pan Lu, Bowen Chen Stanford University, Sheng Liu, Rahul Thapa, Joseph Boen Stanford University, James Zou Stanford University

原文摘要

Solving complex reasoning tasks may involve visual understanding, domain knowledge retrieval, numerical calculation, and multi-step reasoning. Existing methods augment large language models (LLMs) with external tools but are restricted to specialized domains, limited tool types, or require additional training data. In this paper, we introduce OctoTools, a training-free, user-friendly, and easily extensible multi-agent framework designed to tackle complex reasoning across diverse domains. OctoTools introduces standardized tool cards to encapsulate tool functionality, a planner for both high-level and low-level planning, and an executor to carry out tool usage. We validate OctoTools’ generality across 16 diverse tasks (including MathVista, MMLU-Pro, MedQA, and GAIA-Text), achieving substantial average accuracy gains of 9.3% over GPT-4o. Furthermore, OctoTools also outperforms AutoGen, GPT-Functions, and LangChain by up to 10.6% when given the same set of tools. Through comprehensive analysi, ablations, and robustness tests with compact backbones and noisy tool environments, OctoTools demonstrates advantages in task planning, effective tool usage, and multi-step problem solving. Code, demos, and visualization are publicly available at https://octotools.github.io/.

cs.CL · cs.MA

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.2003ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

ViLL-E: Video LLM Embeddings for Retrieval

Rohit Gupta University of Central Florida, Jayakrishnan Unnikrishnan Amazon, Fan Fei Amazon, Sheng Liu State University of New York, Buffalo, Son Tran Amazon, Mubarak Shah Amazon and University of Central Florida

原文摘要

Video Large Language Models (VideoLLMs) excel at video understanding tasks where outputs are textual, such as Video Question Answering and Video Captioning. However, they underperform specialized embedding-based models in Retrieval tasks, such as Text-toVideo Retrieval and Moment Retrieval. We introduce ViLL-E (Video-LLM-Embed), a unified VideoLLM architecture endowed with a novel embedding generation mechanism that allows the model to “think longer” for complex videos and stop early for easy ones. We train this model with a three-stage training methodology combining generative and contrastive learning: initial large-scale pre-training with video-caption pairs; followed by continual training on a smaller, detailed-caption dataset; and concluding with task-specific fine-tuning on a novel multi-task dataset covering Video QA, Temporal Localization, Video Retrieval, and Video-Text Matching. Our model significantly improves temporal localization (on avg. 7% over other VideoLLMs) and video retrieval (up to 4% over dual encoder models), achieving performance comparable to state-of-the-art specialized embedding models while remaining competitive on VideoQA tasks. Furthermore, our joint contrastive-generative training unlocks new zero-shot capabilities, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art methods in composed video retrieval (+5% over SotA) and retrieval from long text (+2% over SotA).

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-srw.8ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Reflection in the Dark: Exposing and Escaping the Black Box in Reflective Prompt Optimization

Shiyan Liu, Qifeng Xia, Qiyun Xia, Yisheng Liu, Xinyu Yu, Rui Qu

原文摘要

Automatic prompt optimization (APO) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving LLM performance without manual prompt engineering. Reflective APO methods such as GEPA iteratively refine prompts by diagnosing failure cases, but the optimization process remains black-box and label-free, leading to uninterpretable trajectories and systematic failure. We identify and empirically demonstrate four limitations: on GSM8K with a defective seed, GEPA degrades accuracy from 23.81% to 13.50%. We propose VISTA, a multi-agent APO framework that decouples hypothesis generation from prompt rewriting, enabling semantically labeled hypotheses, parallel minibatch verification, and interpretable optimization trace. A two-layer explore-exploit mechanism combining random restart and epsilon-greedy sampling further escapes local optima. VISTA recovers accuracy to 87.57% on the same defective seed and consistently outperforms baselines across all conditions on GSM8K and AIME2025.

cs.CL · cs.MA

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 4: Student Research Workshop) · 2026 · 正式发表

新论文 · v1arXiv:2406.07496Google Research

TextGrad：通过文本进行自动“微分”

TextGrad: Automatic "Differentiation" via Text

Mert Yuksekgonul, Federico Bianchi, Joseph Boen, Sheng Liu, Zhi Huang, Carlos Guestrin, James Zou

AI 速读 基于摘要

TextGrad 利用 LLM 提供的文本反馈对复合 AI 系统进行类似自动微分的优化，并在多种任务上展示了效果。

cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.LG

arXiv ↗PDF ↗
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AI is undergoing a paradigm shift, with breakthroughs achieved by systems orchestrating multiple large language models (LLMs) and other complex components. As a result, developing principled and automated optimization methods for compound AI systems is one of the most important new challenges. Neural networks faced a similar challenge in its early days until backpropagation and automatic differentiation transformed the field by making optimization turn-key. Inspired by this, we introduce TextGrad, a powerful framework performing automatic ``differentiation'' via text. TextGrad backpropagates textual feedback provided by LLMs to improve individual components of a compound AI system. In our framework, LLMs provide rich, general, natural language suggestions to optimize variables in computation graphs, ranging from code snippets to molecular structures. TextGrad follows PyTorch's syntax and abstraction and is flexible and easy-to-use. It works out-of-the-box for a variety of tasks, where the users only provide the objective function without tuning components or prompts of the framework. We showcase TextGrad's effectiveness and generality across a diverse range of applications, from question answering and molecule optimization to radiotherapy treatment planning. Without modifying the framework, TextGrad improves the zero-shot accuracy of GPT-4o in Google-Proof Question Answering from $51\%$ to $55\%$, yields $20\%$ relative performance gain in optimizing LeetCode-Hard coding problem solutions, improves prompts for reasoning, designs new druglike small molecules with desirable in silico binding, and designs radiation oncology treatment plans with high specificity. TextGrad lays a foundation to accelerate the development of the next-generation of AI systems.