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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2602.00282

Constrained Bilevel Reinforcement Learning via Approximate Lower-Level Responses

Naman Saxena, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

We study constrained bilevel reinforcement learning in which the lower-level problem is a constrained Markov decision process with a generally parameterized policy. The lower-level solution map can be set-valued and need not be Lipschitz continuous in the upper-level variable, so standard hypergradient analyses do not apply. We therefore define the upper-level objective as the expected upper-level loss of the policy returned by a fixed stochastic lower-level algorithm, which we call the approximate response. This objective is well defined without uniqueness of the lower-level solution. To compute its gradient, we randomize the reward and constraint values used during lower-level training without changing their means, so that the upper-level variable affects training only through known probabilities. This yields an unbiased estimator of the upper-level objective's gradient that does not differentiate through the lower-level updates. We establish lower-level reward and feasibility guarantees, upper-level stationarity, and a total sample complexity of $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(δ_\ell^{-6}ε_o^{-2})$ over both levels, where $δ_\ell$ is the lower-level accuracy and $ε_o$ is the upper-level stationarity error. Setting $δ_\ell=ε_o=ε$ gives $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(ε^{-8})$.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.13506

$γ$-weakly $θ$-up-concavity: A Unified Framework for Non-Convex Optimization Beyond DR-Submodular and OSS Functions

Mohammad Pedramfar, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

Many objectives in machine learning and combinatorial optimization are non-concave. We introduce $γ$-weak $θ$-up-concavity, a first-order condition for nonnegative monotone functions in which a scaling function $θ$ lets the curvature change with the size of the solution. The resulting class strictly contains monotone DR-submodular functions and One-Sided Smooth (OSS) functions. It also contains functions whose marginal gains first increase and then decrease, and functions that vanish faster than any power of the norm at the origin. We construct a surrogate gradient from gradients along the segment from the origin to the current point and prove an upper-linearization inequality with a point-dependent approximation coefficient. Restricting actions to the closed convex hull of the coordinate-wise maximal feasible points makes this coefficient uniformly positive, with a value determined by the curvature parameters and the geometry of the feasible set. Standard reductions to linear optimization then give offline approximation algorithms and online algorithms with regret guarantees. The coefficient matches the optimal one for DR-submodular maximization and improves the best known coefficients for OSS maximization over matroid constraints whenever the OSS parameter is positive.

cs.LG · cs.AI · math.OC

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.11124

Optimal Polynomial-Query Approximation for Consistent Submodular Maximization with Short Lookahead

Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

Elements arrive one at a time, and after each arrival an algorithm holds a set of at most $k$ arrived elements. Its goal is a held set whose value under a monotone submodular function is close to the best value that $k$ arrived elements can achieve. The recourse of an update is the number of elements inserted into or removed from the held set, and we require it to be bounded independently of $k$ and of the number $n$ of arrivals. With evaluations only on sets of arrived elements and polynomially many of them, the best ratio a randomized algorithm can achieve is $2-\sqrt{2}\approx0.5858$. We show that seeing future arrivals raises the best ratio for polynomially many evaluations to $1-1/e\approx0.6321$, for deterministic and for randomized algorithms; no algorithm with polynomially many evaluations exceeds $1-1/e$, even when all elements are available at once. For every $\varepsilon>0$, a deterministic algorithm that sees the next $\lceil\varepsilon k/3\rceil$ arrivals keeps a set of value at least $1-1/e-\varepsilon$ times the optimum at every time, changes $O(\varepsilon^{-3})$ elements per arrival and makes $(n+1)^{O(\varepsilon^{-2})}$ evaluations. With the whole arrival sequence known in advance, a deterministic algorithm attains the same ratio with $O(\varepsilon^{-2})$ changes per arrival. A randomized algorithm with the same short lookahead makes $O(n^2k)$ evaluations, changes $O(\varepsilon^{-2})$ elements per arrival, and attains the same ratio in expectation at each fixed time. The main tool is a greedy algorithm with an explicit guarantee for each of its partial solutions combined with each initial segment of the known future arrivals. A second tool moves between two such solutions one element at a time while keeping the value high, and the deterministic algorithm times each move using upper bounds on the optimum from failed searches.

cs.DS · cs.LG · math.OC

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.05973

Towards Reliable LLM Evaluation: Correcting the Winner's Curse in Adaptive Benchmarking

Jiefu Zhang, Yang Xu, Haixiang Sun, Zihan Zhou, Tianyu Cao, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

Adaptive prompt and program search makes LLM evaluation selection-sensitive. Once benchmark items are reused inside tuning, the observed winner's score need not estimate the fresh-data performance of the full tune-then-deploy procedure. We study inference for this procedure-level target under explicit tuning budgets. We propose SIREN, a selection-aware repeated-split reporting protocol that freezes the post-search shortlist, separates splitwise selection from held-out evaluation, and uses an item-level Gaussian multiplier bootstrap for uncertainty quantification. In a fixed-shortlist regime with smooth stabilized selection, the estimator admits a first-order item-level representation, and the bootstrap yields valid simultaneous inference on a finite budget grid. This supports confidence intervals for procedure-performance curves and pre-specified equal-budget and cross-budget comparisons. Controlled simulations and MMLU-Pro tuning experiments show that winner-based reporting can be optimistic and can change deployment conclusions, while SIREN remains close to the finite-sample reporting target.

stat.ML · cs.AI · cs.LG · stat.AP

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.00474

Persistent-Transient Policy Evaluation for Markov Chains via Minimal Peripheral Quotients

Yang Xu, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

We study fixed-policy evaluation for finite Markov chains that may be reducible and periodic. Classical evaluation methods with gain and bias decomposition are not always diagnostic: the gain records only invariant Cesàro averages, while persistent phase-dependent behavior is absorbed into the bias together with genuinely transient effects. We identify the real peripheral invariant subspace $\mathcal{K}(P)$ of the transition matrix $P$ as the source of this ambiguity. Quotienting by $\mathcal{K}(P)$ is the minimal exact quotient that removes all non-decaying modes and makes the remaining dynamics strictly stable. After choosing a gauge projection $Π$ with kernel $\mathcal{K}(P)$, the reward admits a unique decomposition $r = g_Π^\star + (I-P)v_Π^\star$, where $g_Π^\star$ is a persistent regime profile and $v_Π^\star$ is a gauge-fixed transient component. An exact comparison with classical normalized gain and bias shows that the new pair reallocates the same information into a persistent profile and a gauge-fixed representative of the transient quotient. This decomposition reconstructs finite-horizon returns, recovers statewise average reward, admits a transient-cost interpretation, and yields a stable estimator under a generative model.

stat.ML · cs.LG · math.NA

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2608.26515

Sharp Minimax Regret for Infinite-Memory Logistic Prediction

Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

We study sequential prediction of binary marks whose log-odds are a linear function of all past inputs. The inputs are independent uniform signs. The coefficient of the input observed $j$ steps earlier is unknown, but its absolute value is at most a known number $r_j$, and $\sum_j r_j\le B$. A learner is judged by its expected cumulative log loss in excess of the loss of the true conditional probabilities. We show that for every such sequence $r$ and every horizon $T$, the minimax value of this regret lies between $c\,Γ_T(r)/\max\{1,B^2\}$ and $\frac12Γ_T(r)$, where $Γ_T(r)=\sum_{j\le T}\log(1+(T-j+1)r_j^2)$ and $c$ is an absolute constant. The term for lag $j$ combines the size bound $r_j$ with the number $T-j+1$ of rounds in which that lag influences a prediction, and no monotonicity or other regularity of $r$ is needed. The upper bound is attained by a Bayesian mixture with independent Gaussian priors. For the lower bound, we apply the van Trees inequality at each prediction step and then bound the expected log-determinant of the random matrix whose rows are the lagged input vectors. We also characterize when $\frac12$ is the exact leading constant: for envelopes with a common bound $B$, possibly changing with $T$, the regret is asymptotic to $\frac12Γ_T(r)$ if and only if $\sum_{j\le T}\min\{1,(T-j+1)r_j^2\}=o(Γ_T(r))$. This gives, for example, $\log^2(A^2T)/(8α)$ for $r_j=Ae^{-αj}$, whereas for $r_j=Aj^{-s}$ with $s>1$ the regret is of order $T^{1/(2s)}$ and its ratio to $Γ_T(r)$ stays below $\frac12$. Finally, for a known horizon, an online Newton predictor with features scaled by $r_j$ attains regret of order $Γ_T(r)$ with polynomial computation per round.

cs.IT · cs.LG

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2601.20250

Fast Statistical Rates for Flow Matching without Curvature Assumptions

Hari Krishna Sahoo, Mudit Gaur, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

Flow-based generative models have emerged as an efficient alternative to diffusion models. We study the sample complexity of learning a target distribution in Wasserstein distance via flow matching, which learns a velocity field transporting a base distribution to the target. Under exact empirical risk minimization over a fixed network class and standard assumptions on the architecture and data distribution, we show that any squared-loss flow-matching variant including rectified flow with bounded derivatives achieves $\widetilde{O}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ sample complexity for the statistical term with the Wasserstein guarantee taking the form $W_2 \le K(\varepsilon + C\varepsilon_{app})$, where $\varepsilon_{app}$ is the approximation error of the network class. This improves upon existing $\widetilde{O}(\varepsilon^{-4})$ guarantees and does not require the Polyak--Lojasiewicz condition in the statistical analysis. Instead, we exploit a structural property of the squared-loss objective - it induces an approximate Bernstein condition that directly ties the variance of the excess loss to the excess risk up to additive approximation-error. This condition enables a localized Rademacher complexity analysis yielding fast $O(1/n)$ rates. The flow-matching schedule enters the leading statistical prefactor through the Lipschitz constant of the pointwise loss, which we characterize explicitly for standard schedules.

cs.LG · cs.AI · cs.IT · stat.ML

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2602.20457

Oracle-Robust Online Alignment for Large Language Models

Zimeng Li, Mudit Gaur, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

We study online alignment of large language models under misspecified preference feedback, where the observed preference oracle deviates from an ideal but unknown ground-truth oracle. The online LLM alignment problem is a bi-level reinforcement problem due to the coupling between data collection and policy updates. Recently, the problem has been reduced to a tractable single-level objective in the SAIL (Self-Improving Efficient Online Alignment) framework. In this paper, we introduce a pointwise oracle uncertainty set in this problem and formulate an oracle-robust online alignment objective as a worst-case optimization problem. For log-linear policies, we show that this robust objective admits an exact closed-form decomposition into the original loss function plus an explicit sensitivity penalty. In the finite-response log-linear setting, we develop projected stochastic composite updates for the resulting weakly convex objective and prove $\widetilde{O}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ oracle complexity for reaching approximate stationarity.

cs.LG · stat.ML

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.03472

Tilted Convexity and an Exact Offline-Online Separation

Mohammad Pedramfar, Rajiv Khanna, Christopher John Quinn, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

Convexity has three equivalent descriptions: support by affine functions, monotonicity of the subdifferential, and increasing secant slopes. We weaken all three by one distortion with parameter $γ\in(0,1]$, which multiplies positive changes by $γ$ and divides negative ones by $γ$. The resulting classes are the convex functions at $γ=1$ and, for $γ<1$, are distinct and nested, with the parameter dropping by at most a square along the chain. For proper lower semicontinuous functions in these classes, the effective domain is convex, local minimizers are global, and the function is locally Lipschitz on the relative interior of its domain. The classes separate offline from online optimization over compact convex sets with efficient projection, with access to function values and bounded support vectors. A smooth member of any class can be minimized to additive accuracy $\varepsilon$ with $\mathrm{poly}(1/\varepsilon)$ first-order queries and projections. Online, with nonpositive losses and $α$-regret measured against $α$ times the best fixed point, a polynomial-time algorithm achieves $γ$-regret $O(\sqrt T)$ on the largest class. For every fixed, effectively specified $γ\in(0,1)$ and every $α\in(γ,1]$, no randomized polynomial-time algorithm has sublinear expected $α$-regret unless $\mathbf{NP}=\mathbf{RP}$, already for smooth concave polynomial losses in the smallest class, each minimized by one linear optimization. Thus, unless $\mathbf{NP}=\mathbf{RP}$, $γ$ is the exact online coefficient of each class, while the offline coefficient is one.

cs.LG · cs.CC · math.OC · stat.ML

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.01562

Finite-Time Online Sample Complexity for Conditional Diffusion Models

Mudit Gaur, Prashant Trivedi, Sasidhar Kunapuli, Amrit Singh Bedi, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

We study the finite-time training and sampling error of conditional diffusion models trained by online stochastic-gradient denoising score matching. Rather than assuming access to an exact empirical or population risk minimizer, we analyze the score network produced after a finite number of stochastic-gradient updates under an explicit localized Polyak--Łojasiewicz (PL) condition, stochastic-gradient regularity, and a trajectory-containment assumption. Our analysis separates the network approximation complexity from the online training-sample budget and propagates both errors through the reverse diffusion process. Under anisotropic smoothness, a joint intrinsic-dimensional structure for the data and conditioning variables, sub-exponential tails, and explicit approximation-class compatibility, we obtain a conditional score approximation error of order \[ \widetilde{\mathcal O}\!\left(M^{-η_{\mathrm{app}}}\right), \qquad η_{\mathrm{app}} = \frac{2α_x} {2α_x+d_x'+(α_x/α_y)d_y'}, \] where \(M\) denotes the approximation complexity, \(d_x'\) and \(d_y'\) are the intrinsic response and conditioning dimensions, and \(α_x,α_y\) are their corresponding smoothness exponents. For \(N=RB\) online denoising samples used by SGD, the finite-time optimization error is controlled explicitly in terms of the PL, smoothness, gradient-noise, and initialization constants. Combining these ingredients with reverse-process stability yields a total-variation bound that decomposes into terminal-initialization, time-discretization, approximation/localization, and finite-time optimization errors.

cs.LG · cs.AI

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.01559

Generative Modeling with Continuous Flows: Sample Complexity of Flow Matching

Mudit Gaur, Prashant Trivedi, Shuchin Aeron, Amrit Singh Bedi, George K. Atia, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

Flow matching has emerged as a promising alternative to diffusion-based generative modeling, offering a continuous-time ordinary differential equation formulation with fast sampling and a simple regression-based training objective. Despite its empirical success, some theoretical analyses idealize the learning procedure by assuming that the velocity field is obtained by exact empirical risk minimization. This assumption does not reflect the practical finite-dataset setting, where the empirical flow-matching loss is only approximately minimized by a finite number of stochastic-gradient updates. We develop an empirical-risk-minimizer-free analysis for flow matching that explicitly accounts for both finite-sample statistical error and finite-time empirical optimization error. Our analysis considers a finite dataset of \(N\) flow-matching samples and a learned parameter \(θ_T\) obtained after \(T\) stochastic gradient updates on the empirical objective. Under regularity assumptions on the interpolation path, sub-exponential source and target distributions, approximation by a bounded-parameter smooth neural velocity class, empirical-loss optimization, and uniform flow stability, we prove a guarantee that holds with high probability over the finite training dataset and in expectation over the stochastic-gradient randomness. The resulting bound separates approximation error, statistical error from the finite dataset, tail error from unbounded source and target distributions, and empirical optimization error from approximate minimization of the finite-sample objective.

cs.LG · cs.AI

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.01500

Improved Sample Complexity Analysis For First Order Bilevel Reinforcement Learning

Mudit Gaur, Naman Saxena, Vaneet Aggarwal

原文摘要

Bilevel reinforcement learning optimizes an upper-level objective through the policy response to a lower-level reinforcement learning problem. Such problems arise when learning a reward model while adapting a policy to that reward. However, a gap remains between sample-complexity guarantees and practical actor--critic training. Tabular analyses restrict applicability to finite spaces, while continuous-state analyses often impose a uniform Polyak--Łojasiewicz (PL) condition. We show that this condition need not hold even for smooth positive policies with exactly representable values. We develop a single-loop, fully first-order method for continuous states and finite actions with specified multilayer neural actors and a persistently trained nonlinear critic built from fixed features. Under explicit initialization, regularity, feature-excitation, and value-realizability conditions, fixed reference-KL regularization yields local curvature, and we prove containment of the coupled iterates. Shared trajectories control sampling noise, while paired critic analysis controls normalized critic-error differences as the response perturbation shrinks. A joint descent and tracking argument establishes an improved $\widetilde{\mathcal O}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ sample complexity for $O(\varepsilon)$ expected squared gradient norm of the upper objective induced by the selected regularized policy response, including critic training.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.24880

基于神经对偶评论家的一般效用强化学习样本高效方法

Sample-Efficient Reinforcement Learning with General Utilities via Neural Dual Critics

Ankur Naskar, Vaneet Aggarwal

AI 速读 基于摘要

作者提出一种自然演员-评论家方法,用神经评论家直接学习变分对偶伪奖励,以求解凹的一般效用强化学习(RLGU)问题,并给出样本复杂度分析。

cs.LG

查看原文摘要

Reinforcement learning with general utilities optimizes nonlinear functionals of policy-induced occupancy measures. We develop a natural actor-critic method for concave RLGU objectives using an exact variational dual representation, whose existence follows from concavity and differentiability, with explicit constructions for a broad class of separable occupancy utilities. Rather than estimating the occupancy measure and then forming the policy-gradient pseudo-reward, our method learns this pseudo-reward directly as a function of the state-action pair using a neural critic. The critic is trained by projected stochastic updates, while multilevel Monte Carlo combines outputs across training horizons to control its bias at logarithmic expected cost. Our analysis separates conditional actor bias from estimator second moments and accounts explicitly for dual optimization, critic approximation, and neural linearization errors. Under policy-transfer, dual-stability, and local critic-regularity conditions, the method achieves $\widetilde{O}(T^{-1/2})$ global convergence above policy, critic-class, and finite-width approximation errors using $\widetilde{O}(T)$ expected environment transitions and reference samples. For a fixed critic representation, this yields $\widetilde{O}(ε^{-2})$ sampling complexity above the approximation floor, covering infinite state-action spaces and occupancy utilities beyond fixed finite vectors of returns.

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.21072

0.4633-Approximation for Online and Offline on-Monotone DR-Submodular Maximization

Vaneet Aggarwal, Donglei Du

原文摘要

We obtain the approximation coefficient $α_0=54440750000/117486474169>0.463378$ for maximizing nonnegative, non-monotone DR-submodular functions over compact convex down-closed subsets of the unit cube, with queries allowed throughout the cube. This improves the previous best coefficient, $4/9$. A coordinatewise map, exponential on small coordinates and linear-fractional on large ones, turns the learner's state, a feasible point, into a feasible action whose value is at least $α_0$ times that of any feasible point, up to a linear term. The proof is analytical and reduces to one-dimensional inequalities. The linear term has an unbiased estimator from one noisy-gradient query, so online maximization reduces to linear learning. Under a uniform bound on the gradients, the expected approximate regret is $O(\sqrt T)$ with projected ascent and $O(T^{3/4})$ with one linear-maximization call per round; with one noisy value per round, it is $O(T^{3/4})$ and $O(T^{7/8})$. Online-to-batch conversion gives offline guarantees. With exact values and gradients, contracting the objective toward a feasible interior point yields an expected $(α_0-\varepsilon)$-approximation for every nonnegative $C^1$ DR-submodular objective, with oracle counts polynomial in $n$ and $\varepsilon^{-1}$ and no gradient or smoothness parameter. Sampling and standard rounding give $(α_0-\varepsilon)$-approximation for submodular set functions under one matroid or a fixed number of knapsack constraints.

cs.DS