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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.06207

Taming the Entropy Cliff: Variable Codebook Size Quantization for Autoregressive Visual Generation

Bowen Zheng, Weijian Luo, Guang Yang, Colin Zhang, Tianyang Hu

原文摘要

Most discrete visual tokenizers rely on a default design: every position in the sequence shares the same codebook. Such a constant-codebook design can consume the finite-data entropy budget very quickly. We observe that the per-position empirical conditional entropy decays so quickly along the sequence that, after a few positions, the conditional distribution becomes essentially deterministic. On ImageNet with $K=16384$, this happens after only about 2 out of 256 positions, when most prefixes already identify individual images in the dataset. We call this phenomenon the Entropy Cliff. Under full conditional utilization, larger codebooks exhaust the finite-data entropy budget in fewer positions. The empirical entropy decreases more gradually in our language comparison, where the effective entropy per position stays below the codebook capacity. To address this, we propose Variable Codebook Size Quantization (VCQ), where the codebook size $K_t$ grows monotonically along the sequence from $K_{\min}=2$ to $K_{\max}$, leaving the loss function, parameter count, and AR training procedure unchanged. With a vanilla autoregressive Transformer and standard next-token prediction, VCQ-Base achieves gFID w/o CFG 14.80 on ImageNet $256\times256$, compared with 27.98 and 18.16 for constant codebooks of size 16384 and 8192, respectively. Scaled up, it reaches gFID 1.71 with 684M autoregressive parameters, without any extra training techniques such as semantic regularization or causal alignment. The extreme information bottleneck at $K_{\min}=2$ encourages semantic concentration in early encoder features: a linear probe on features from only the first 10 positions reaches 43.8% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, compared to 27.1% for uniform codebooks. These results show that what matters is not only the total capacity of the codebook, but also how that capacity is distributed and organized.

cs.CV · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.09899

When Attribution Patching Lies: Diagnosis and a Second-Order Correction

Luyang Zhang, Jialu Wang

原文摘要

A central goal of mechanistic interpretability is to identify which internal components causally drive a language model's behavior. Because these importance estimates serve as the evidence for identifying circuits, systematic errors can lead to the misidentification of the underlying mechanisms. While activation patching provides a gold-standard causal metric, its computational cost is prohibitive at scale. Practitioners instead rely on attribution patching, a gradient-based, first-order approximation whose reliability remains poorly understood. In this work, we characterize the source of this unreliability, demonstrating that the dominant error stems from the non-linearities in the downstream network rather than local curvature at the patched component. This insight yields three practical tools: (i) a reliability score to detect untrustworthy estimates, (ii) error bounds quantifying potential attribution mis-specifications, and (iii) a Hessian-vector-product (HVP) correction that eliminates the leading-order error with only one additional backward pass. In evaluations across five model families (124M--9B parameters) and both random-token and naturalistic (name-swap) perturbations, HVP is the only second-order correction feasible at larger scale, where standard baselines like Integrated Gradients become computationally prohibitive. In comparative experiments, a multi-step HVP variant matches or exceeds the accuracy of Integrated Gradients at significantly lower compute, outperforming prior second-order baselines. These improvements lead to higher-fidelity circuit recovery on standard benchmarks and support a Screen-Flag-Fix workflow that targets computational effort only toward the components flagged as unreliable.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2510.04066

QuantDemoire: Quantization with Outlier Aware for Image Demoiréing

Zheng Chen, Kewei Zhang, Xiaoyang Liu, Weihang Zhang, Mengfan Wang, Yifan Fu, Yulun Zhang

原文摘要

Demoiréing aims to remove moiré artifacts that often occur in images. While recent deep learning-based methods have achieved promising results, they typically require substantial computational resources, limiting their deployment on edge devices. Model quantization offers a compelling solution. However, directly applying existing quantization methods to demoiréing models introduces severe performance degradation. The main reasons are distribution outliers and weakened representations in smooth regions. To address these issues, we propose QuantDemoire, a post-training quantization framework tailored to demoiréing. It contains two key components. First, we introduce an outlier-aware quantizer to reduce errors from outliers. It uses sampling-based range estimation to reduce activation outliers and keeps a few extreme weights in FP16 with negligible cost. Second, we design a frequency-aware calibration strategy. It emphasizes low- and mid-frequency components during fine-tuning, which mitigates banding artifacts caused by low-bit quantization. Experiments validate that our QuantDemoire achieves large reductions in parameters and computation while maintaining quality. Meanwhile, it outperforms existing quantization methods by over 4 dB on W4A4. We implement a CUDA kernel for the mixed-precision branch and achieve a 2.3$\times$ end-to-end speedup on an RTX 4090 GPU. Code is released at: https://github.com/zhengchen1999/QuantDemoire.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07624

Beneath the Surface: What We Overlook When We Talk About Agent Evolution

Xiaobo Wang, Zimu Wang, Siyu Ye, Jiaqi Li, Min Tang, Jun Bai, Yuling Shi, Ruobing Wang 等 16 位作者

原文摘要

Agent harness evolution enables recursive self-improvement (RSI) without updating model weights. We examine whether higher benchmark scores yield reliable, efficient, and transferable improvement. We evaluate four methods across harnesses, general and coding tasks. Repeated evaluations, controlled agent expansion, component interventions, and admission replays reveal recurring patterns. All sixteen evolved agents gain previously uncovered tasks while losing previously covered ones. In one general-task case, reliability rises by 5.2 points despite losing ten previously covered tasks. Most reliability gains also increase deployment cost. Specific changes usually outperform generic reminders, but their benefits can change when combined. The highest-scoring agent does not yield the largest mean improvement in any of our four pools, and stricter admission can discard useful alternatives. Transfer selectively preserves gains: coverage usually falls on the general-task target across both harness types and paradigms, but rises on the coding target with the outer-layer-only harness. These findings motivate preservation-aware evaluation, tested decision rules, and explicit applicability conditions. As a constructive follow-up, EvoAudit turns these diagnostics into revisions of select, analyze, mutate, and gate, achieving the best performance.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07621

Data-Driven Configuration of Protective Separation Zones in Collaborative Robot Cells from Operator Occupancy

Aulon Bajrami, Theo Jacobs, Werner Kraus

原文摘要

The protective separation zone of a collaborative robot cell is commonly dimensioned for a worst case that disregards where the operator is actually present during the task. This paper presents a camera-based, data-driven method that configures this zone from observed operator occupancy. Operator positions accumulated over several production shifts are aggregated into an occupancy heatmap, from which a protective field is derived that trades off the achievable robot velocity against the required safety distance, following the speed and separation monitoring principle of ISO/TS 15066. The resulting configuration is advisory, that is, reviewed within the risk assessment rather than applied autonomously to the robot controller. The method, which builds on a pose-based perception pipeline with activity recognition, was evaluated in two operational cells at two industrial partners, where the protective field could be reduced by approximately 17% and a productivity increase of 9% was measured. However, adoption proved to depend on more than the demonstrated gain alone.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2607.18639

Mark, Don't Erase: Token Inoculation for Dual-Use Knowledge in LLMs

Seunghyun Lee, Dongyoon Han, Sangdoo Yun

原文摘要

In a dual-use field, hazardous knowledge and the benign expertise around it share vocabulary, concepts, and causal structure. That overlap makes selective refusal hard, and existing methods such as unlearning and refusal training overgeneralize their suppression into the benign side. We argue for conditioning, not suppression. In this work, we introduce Token Inoculation, which marks hazardous sentences with a special token, the inoculation token, during continued pre-training. We then fine-tune the model to refuse hazardous questions and, on the same questions under the inoculation token, to predict the hazardous answers. At test time the inoculation token is absent, so the model does not express the hazardous answers it learned to predict. Across 1.5B to 14B parameters and three architecture families it holds hazardous accuracy near 18% while retaining 93% of the instruct baseline's MMLU performance, the best safety-utility balance among the baselines we compare. The same advantage reproduces under open-ended generation and in a cybersecurity transfer. We test this with a causal do(X) analysis that randomizes the accuracy of the conditioning signal, and find that refusal becomes more selective the more of the hazardous domain the model still knows. Our findings underscore the importance of training to predict the responses that must be refused, and outline a direction for safety alignment that does not degrade models' growing frontier knowledge. Project page: https://token-inoculation.github.io/

cs.LG · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07618

A Bilevel Neurodynamic Approach for Distributed SCAD-Regularized Sparse Least Squares

Juntao Li, Qihang Guo, Deyuan Meng

原文摘要

This paper proposes a bilevel particle swarm optimization (PSO)-neurodynamic method for solving the distributed sparse least-squares problem regularized by the smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty to global optimality. The SCAD penalty is nonsmooth and nonconvex, so existing distributed neurodynamic methods have not been extended to it directly. Through two-time-scale singular perturbation analysis, a rigorous full-trajectory convergence theory with explicit convergence rates is established for the inner collaborative multi-agent neurodynamic system without requiring the second-order sufficient condition. A theory-guided inner-outer collaborative optimization framework is further developed, in which a red-light green-light sensitivity mechanism is embedded in the outer PSO search to enhance global search while concentrating computational effort on the SCAD shape parameters, thereby improving recovery accuracy and computational efficiency. Simulation results on four sparse-recovery scenarios demonstrate that the proposed method accurately recovers the true sparsity pattern and achieves faster convergence and lower relative error than competing neurodynamic methods.

math.OC · cs.MA

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07616

Monotone Viability Learning for Offline Safe Reinforcement Learning

Ziqian Wang, Zhen Zhang

原文摘要

Offline safe reinforcement learning requires reliable long-horizon safety estimates from fixed data. Learning Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) viability in this setting calls for semantic preservation, convergence, and numerical stability. To address these challenges, we propose Monotone Viability Learning (MoViL), which learns viable sets from offline transitions through monotone finite-horizon set recursion. The recursion preserves finite-horizon safety semantics and converges to the infinite-horizon viability kernel. Binary supervision maintains a fixed target scale across horizons, avoiding discount-induced numerical attenuation. We further establish sufficient conditions for recovering behavior-supported viable subsets. The learned viability estimates are used to certify actions at deployment. Dubins car experiments validate the numerical accuracy of the learned viable sets. Evaluations on safe RL benchmarks demonstrate state-of-the-art reward-cost performance. MoViL satisfies the average cost constraint on every task and achieves the lowest average cost among the compared methods. These results highlight MoViL's potential to extend long-horizon HJ viability analysis to safety-critical systems where reliable dynamics models are unavailable and online exploration is unsafe.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.00597

Multi-Estimate Elicitation Does Not Uniformly Debias Language Model Judgments

An-Sheng Jhang

原文摘要

Does eliciting five weighted estimates within a single response consistently improve numerical judgments? We compare direct and multi-estimate elicitation across anchoring, hindsight, base-rate, conjunction, and status-quo/default tasks in six frozen configurations. Each configuration contributes 618 admitted development units and 3,702 admitted formal units; the six-configuration formal cohort contains 22,212 units, including 21 missing outcomes. Of 45 preregistered confirmatory tests across five configurations, 12 reject on complete cases and 11 retain directional confirmation after the prespecified missingness-protection rule. Only one adjusted bound exceeds its smallest effect size of interest: gpt-oss-120b shows a 10.68-percentage-point increase in post-outcome confirmation error under multi-estimate elicitation (worst-case estimate 10.04 points). The remaining ten retained effects have sub-threshold point estimates; non-rejection does not establish equivalence. Joint presentation lowers signed conjunction excess in four confirmatory configurations, but this comparison changes both constraint visibility and call structure. Flash-high combines two disjoint execution-window batches under an approved continuation protocol, preserving their identities and non-causal interpretation. Post-hoc candidate-spread associations across all six configurations remain in-sample and require independent predictive validation. The completed cohort provides no evidence for uniform debiasing by multi-estimate elicitation. Materials: https://github.com/asj252/llm-judgment-studies

cs.CL · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2407.04259

Q-Learning under Finite Model Uncertainty

Julian Sester, Cécile Decker

原文摘要

We propose a robust Q-learning algorithm for Markov decision processes under model uncertainty when each state--action pair is associated with a finite ambiguity set of candidate transition kernels. This finite-measure framework enables user-designed uncertainty models, including competing fitted models and stress scenarios. {The learner observes successor states and their deterministic rewards from every candidate simulator, without requiring explicit knowledge of the transition probabilities or the reward function.} We establish almost sure convergence of the learned Q-function to the robust optimum, and derive a time-uniform high-probability error certificate that separates an observable empirical Bellman residual from transition-kernel estimation error. We also give quantitative finite-ambiguity approximation results for Wasserstein and parametric uncertainty models on finite state spaces. Numerical examples illustrate the effect of scenario selection and compare the tabular algorithm with robust value iteration.

math.OC · cs.AI · cs.LG · math.PR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07614

The Popular Get More Popular: Auditing Brand Bias in Generative Search

Giorgio Monaco, Jacopo Lenti, Francesco Pierri

原文摘要

The shift from traditional to generative search has fundamentally transformed online product discovery. Because conversational recommendations synthesize choices into a few direct answers, subtle systemic preferences toward specific providers can exert profound commercial impacts. In this work, we audit this phenomenon through two distinct dimensions: (i) brand popularity bias, the systematic preference for market-dominant entities over long-tail alternatives, and (ii) brand familiarity bias, the ranking advantage an entity encoded in an LLM's parametric memory holds over an unfamiliar competitor. First, evaluating commercial queries across major engines, we observe persistent brand popularity bias: dominant brands in the top quintile are cited 1.4x to 2.8x more frequently than the average brand within a sample of 1,176 top market players, already present in parametric memory that external web retrieval fails to mitigate. Second, through controlled in-context experiments holding product attributes constant, we find that substituting authentic brand signatures with unfamiliar ones significantly degrades recommendation rank. Conversely, fact-preserving content rewrites yield negligible ranking gains. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that generative search engines reinforce a ``rich-get-richer'' dynamic by favoring established market leaders and imposing a parametric barrier to entry that standard content optimization cannot overcome.

cs.CY · cs.AI · cs.SI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07613

Towards Real-Time Full-Waveform LiDAR Transformers via Intensity-Guided Token Reduction and Physics-Aware Augmentation

Kotaro Oishi, Kazuma Ikeda, Ryosei Hara, Ryo Yoshida, Mariko Isogawa, Kentaro Yoshioka

原文摘要

LiDAR is a critical sensor for autonomous driving and robotics, yet it remains vulnerable to adverse conditions such as fog, rain, transparent objects, and low-reflectance surfaces. Full-waveform LiDAR (FWL) addresses these limitations by capturing the complete return waveform as a histogram, preserving rich reflection characteristics including multi-path echoes and weak signals. While recent Transformer-based approaches have demonstrated promise on FWL data, two fundamental bottlenecks remain: high computational cost from redundant tokens in low-intensity background regions, and limited generalization due to scarce annotated training data. We address both bottlenecks by exploiting the physical structure inherent to FWL data. First, we propose FWL-ToPM, a token pruning and merging mechanism that leverages intensity distributions to selectively reduce tokens while retaining critical waveform content. Second, we introduce FWLAug, a data augmentation framework designed as a regularization method that preserves waveform structure, retaining the Time-of-Flight waveform of each ray and the frustum geometry, to improve generalization to unseen scenes. Evaluated on the Ghost-FWL benchmark, FWL-ToPM achieves over 8 times speedup at real-time throughput alongside a nearly 9-point F1 gain over the prior state of the art, establishing the first real-time FWL Transformer that simultaneously improves accuracy. FWLAug further improves performance on both the standard benchmark and an out-of-distribution test set of unseen scenes. Together, these methods push FWL-based perception toward practical deployment. The code and the OOD dataset are publicly available and can be accessed via the project page: https://keio-csg.github.io/FWL-ToPM

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.14517

We Have Been Interpreting Diffusion Transformer Backbone Behaviors Wrong

Benyuan Meng, Longtao Huang, Yang Liu, Liang Lin

原文摘要

During a network forward call, diffusion backbones naturally produce many intermediate activations. If we evaluate each activation against an identical downstream benchmarking protocol, we can plot an inverted-U-shaped curve as the depth profile: the activation's performance goes up first and then down as we go into deeper layers. This profile suggests there is a semantically meaningful signal within the backbone, and it is changing. This is common knowledge in the diffusion model community, which inspires many applications including the widely-adopted REPA. However, the common interpretation of this depth profile may be inaccurate and incomplete: (i) The cause of this curve has long been treated as signal granularity changing from coarse to fine, but there has been little evidence in DiT backbones. (ii) The community has been mainly studying this phenomenon in a static way, without investigating how it changes across different training setups. In this work, we show a different mechanism picture for the profile, where the prediction target (e.g., $ε$, $u$, $x_0$) sits at the center. The semantically meaningful signal is only an intermediate by-product for predicting the target, while the prediction target is the real goal for the backbone. Furthermore, the choice of prediction targets as part of the training setup can predictably affect the curve's shape. With this updated interpretation, many applications of this depth profile can be better grounded and predicted. As an example, we show how to predict the near-optimal placement of REPA based on the prediction target of the training setup. The code is at https://github.com/Darkbblue/dit-compare.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07610

Embedding-Space Fingerprinting of LoRA Fine-Tunes: Recovering the Training-Data Domain from the Model Artifact Alone

Shivesh Rane

原文摘要

When a base language model is fine-tuned with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), how much of the training data domain leaks into the resulting artifact? This paper studies whether a simple classifier can recover the domain of a fine-tune given only the model artifact (weight deltas, internal activations on a fixed probe set, or generated text) without ever observing the training data. Using one base model (Qwen3.5-0.8B), 36 LoRA fine-tunes are produced over 18 public datasets in five domains (medical, code, mathematics, non-English text, narrative prose), and three feature families are extracted at decreasing levels of access: white-box weights, gray-box activations, and black-box outputs. A leave-one-dataset-out (LODO) protocol, frozen before any result was seen, tests whether the domain of a fine-tune trained on a previously unseen dataset can be identified. The domain is recoverable well above chance (20%) from gray-box activations (61%) and black-box outputs (64%); white-box weight statistics reach 42%. Contrary to the pre-registered hypothesis that signal decays monotonically from weights to activations to outputs, activations and outputs were more informative than the weight-delta statistics. The black-box result holds unchanged (64%) when only generated text is used, without token probabilities. Domain accuracy is also stable when a third run per dataset is trained on an independently drawn data subsample, and black-box predictions are unaffected by the LoRA rank (8-64). All code and per-run feature vectors are released.

cs.AI · cs.CL · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v5arXiv:2608.18234

GigaBrain-WBC-0.5: A Behavior World Model for Robust Humanoid Whole-Body Tracking with Environment Interaction

Ziyang Cheng, Tianshu Tang, Jinxin Lan, Xinze Chen, Yuhan Gong, Zhichao Liu, Changzhong Wu, Yahao Mao 等 22 位作者

原文摘要

General-purpose motion trackers enable humanoid robots to follow diverse whole-body motions while maintaining balance, but are trained only on flat ground, failing to exploit bipedal mobility over complex terrain. Cross-terrain controllers, meanwhile, are task-specific or accept only low-dimensional locomotion commands. We introduce InterTrack, the first behavior world model (BWM) for robust whole-body tracking with environment interaction. Its Transformer jointly predicts the next action, state, and behavior distribution, learning environment-conditioned dynamics. To scale interaction training data, an automatic annotation pipeline reconstructs 3D support geometry from retargeted motions. At deployment, the policy handles commands implausible in the current environment in a "best-effort" manner. Quantitatively, InterTrack achieves an 81.3% success rate on terrain interaction (4.3 times the best evaluated baseline) and a 99.3% fall-recovery rate, while also improving free-space tracking and outperforming three leading tracking baselines across all of these regimes. To our knowledge, we provide the first demonstration of real-time cross-terrain whole-body teleoperation on a humanoid robot, alongside object interaction, stable responses to missing supports, and robust recovery from falls.

cs.RO · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.06777

WISE: An Agentic Framework for Whole-page Multimodal Search Experience Attribution

Wenyi Xu, Renzhe Zhou, Songyang Li, Feiran Zhu, Ruoqi Zhao, Chenglei Dai, Xuanping Li, Kaiqiao Zhan 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Algorithm-driven services, including search, recommendation, and advertising, rely on multi-stage model pipelines. While research prioritizes model optimization, post-deployment monitoring focuses on operational reliability. Yet operationally healthy systems may still produce poor-quality results, exposing a gap in existing evaluation and monitoring practices. However, a systematic problem formulation and benchmark for this task remain lacking. To bridge this gap, we formulate System Quality Diagnosis (SQD) for algorithm-driven services, a new task that extends quality evaluation beyond identifying poor outcomes to attributing their causes across system components. Focusing on industrial search, we propose WISE, an agentic framework for end-to-end quality diagnosis that discovers user-facing issues and traces their origins to underlying algorithmic components. To improve diagnostic reliability, we introduce ReTrace for constructing evidence-consistent trajectory supervision and Adaptive Harness-Policy Optimization (AHPO) for failure-guided optimization of the agent harness and model policy. To enable systematic evaluation, we construct WISE-BENCH, a real-world multimodal search benchmark that combines user-facing evidence, internal pipeline traces, and expert diagnosis annotations. Extensive experiments show consistent gains across model scales, with WISE achieving 75.20% end-to-end accuracy on Qwen3.5-35B-A3B. In production, WISE supports quality auditing, online quality assurance, and model optimization, reducing diagnosis costs and improving downstream relevance models.

cs.IR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07605

The Gating Mechanism of KV Cache Eviction

Hao Gu, Xintong Yang, Zhiwei Li, Lei Zhu, Jian Yang, Qiyuan Zhu, Dezhi Li, Jingyuan Zhang 等 13 位作者

原文摘要

KV cache eviction must decide which entries carry information that the rest of the cache can no longer supply. A natural way to estimate this is a learnable gate: give each cached entry a gate on its attention weight and train the gate on the model's own objective. The gate belongs inside the normalizing softmax, where suppressing one entry hands its mass to the others rather than discarding it. That same normalizer absorbs any per-query constant, so a constant gate cancels and reproduces the frozen model exactly. Trained on the language-modeling loss the gate stays near a constant score while its loss falls throughout: optimization succeeds, but a frozen backbone was fit for dense attention, so its loss prefers the no-op, and a near-constant score ranks nothing. The no-op is not a floor the gate improves from but what its objective asks for. A second obstacle survives once the gate moves, since the same gradient charges the gate for errors the frozen model already makes, which no reweighting of positions separates out. Much of the machinery in learnable eviction, from sparsity penalties to relaxations of the discrete decision, works around the first obstacle rather than removing it; both are removed by putting dense attention beyond the gate's reach and making the dense model's predictions its target. Under these two conditions capacity is never the missing ingredient: neither a larger scorer, nor explicit access to the past, nor a trainable backbone helps. The same holds for what eviction unavoidably discards, which is recovered by parameter-free centroids read inside the same softmax far better than by any memory read outside it, since the mass they must return is a share of that normalizer and available nowhere else. At 75\% KV cache compression, this gate reaches 90.14 on RULER at 8K and 46.03 on LongBench with Qwen3-8B, 3.72 and 1.36 points below full-cache inference.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2610.05108

Best-of-$N$ Guidance for Test-time Diffusion Alignment

Richard Lee Kim, Yeongmin Kim, Gyuwon Sim, Taekyu Kim, Minsang Park, Il-chul Moon

原文摘要

Diffusion models achieve strong generative performance but often struggle to align generated samples with human preferences measured by a reward model. A simple yet effective algorithm for test-time alignment is Best-of-$N$ (BoN) sampling, which draws $N$ i.i.d. samples from a pre-trained diffusion model and outputs the single highest-reward sample. Despite its empirical success, BoN makes limited use of reward information, as it is incorporated only at the final selection stage without influencing the reverse diffusion trajectory during sampling. Consequently, BoN sampling does not improve the average alignment of generated samples and is primarily suited to single-output settings. We propose Best-of-$N$ Guidance (BoNG), a novel method that integrates the principle of BoN sampling directly into the reverse diffusion process. BoNG performs online BoN selection over denoising particles and adjusts the reverse diffusion process to steer the particle population toward higher-reward regions during generation. Specifically, by introducing an asymmetric guidance interaction among denoising particles, BoNG uses the current BoN particle as a guidance signal to the rest of the particle population. This particle-level interaction reshapes the sampling process toward higher-reward regions, enabling BoNG to improve not only the final best sample beyond Vanilla BoN sampling, but also the average quality of generated samples. Over 36 empirical comparisons, BoNG achieves the best performance in 29 cases, ranking first in 80.56% of the comparisons against SMC and Vanilla BoN sampling. BoNG also supports multi-output capability, achieving 1.3$\times$ ImageReward score of the latest sample-based guidance method with a 1.6$\times$ speedup. We release the code at https://github.com/aailab-kaist/BoNG.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07604

FisherDistill: Diffusion Distribution Distillation via Closed-Form Fisher Critics

Mahesh Bhosale, Yuanhao Zhai, Siwei Lyu, Junsong Yuan, David Doermann, Defang Chen

原文摘要

Recent advances in diffusion distillation have enabled high-quality image generation in only one or a few network function evaluations (NFEs). Despite their efficiency, aggressively distilled generators often retain a residual distribution gap from their multi-step teachers, motivating recent methods to introduce adversarial refinement with a learned discriminator. In this work, we ask whether such refinement necessarily requires a learned adversarial discriminator. We introduce \textbf{FisherDistill}, a simple alternative based on Fisher linear discriminant analysis. Using intermediate representations from the frozen teacher, we estimate the first- and second-order statistics of real and generated samples and derive a closed-form Fisher direction that maximally separates their feature distributions relative to within-class variation. This direction provides a lightweight refinement signal that complements the original distillation objective without requiring an additional adversarial discriminator or its optimization loop. Across multiple distillation frameworks, our approach consistently improves generation quality over their respective distilled baselines and substantially closes the gap to adversarially refined counterparts. Code: https://bhosalems.github.io/FisherDistill/

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2603.25251

Does Explanation Correctness Matter? Linking Computational XAI Evaluation to Human Understanding

Gregor Baer, Chao Zhang, Isel Grau, Pieter Van Gorp

原文摘要

Explainable AI (XAI) methods are commonly evaluated using functional correctness metrics, also called faithfulness or fidelity, which estimate how closely an explanation reflects the model's reasoning. Higher correctness is assumed to produce better human understanding, but this link has not been tested with controlled levels. We conducted a user study (N=200) that manipulated explanation correctness at four levels (100%, 85%, 70%, 55%) in a synthetic time series classification task where participants could not rely on domain knowledge or visual intuition. Explanations were constructed to resemble feature attributions, with correctness defined against a known ground truth rather than estimated from a trained model. Participants predicted a simulated AI's decisions from these explanations (forward simulation), and we used their forward simulation accuracy as a proxy for understanding. Correctness affected forward simulation accuracy, but not at every level: accuracy dropped at 70% and 55% relative to 100%, with no further reduction below 70% and no conclusive difference between 85% and 100%. Lower correctness reduced how many participants predicted accurately rather than lowering accuracy uniformly, and even with fully correct explanations, only a subset of participants predicted well above chance. In exploratory analyses, some participants predicted decisions accurately but described the wrong pattern when asked what the AI used, and self-reported ratings correlated with forward simulation accuracy only when explanations were fully correct. These findings suggest that, for feature-attribution-style explanations, not all differences in functional correctness translate to differences in human understanding, highlighting the need to validate functional metrics against human outcomes.

cs.HC · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2607.11007

TabPFN beyond Tabular Data: Calibration and Accuracy on Multimodal Embeddings

Jingxiang Zhang, Lujia Zhong, Zijie Zhu, Shuo Huang, Yuang Xu

原文摘要

Few-shot multimodal classification commonly attaches a lightweight head, such as $k$-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, or a linear SVM, to a frozen pretrained encoder. Although computationally efficient, these heads can produce poorly calibrated confidence scores. We ask whether TabPFN can provide reliable confidence estimates on multimodal embeddings without sacrificing predictive accuracy, and under what conditions. We systematically evaluate TabPFN as a zero-gradient head for frozen image, text, and audio encoders. Across 22{,}820 evaluation episodes spanning 14 datasets, 11 encoders, and three modalities, TabPFN achieves the best mean rank among nine classification heads on both negative log-likelihood (NLL) and expected calibration error (ECE). At a representative setting, it reduces NLL by 48--62\% and ECE by 2.1--5.3$\times$ relative to the average of eight baselines while matching or exceeding their average accuracy. This calibration benefit transfers broadly, whereas the accuracy advantage is conditional: it concentrates at moderate-to-high shot counts and low-to-moderate feature dimensions ($k \ge 50$, $d \le 32$), and diminishes when labeled data are scarce, feature dimensions are high, or competing methods approach ceiling accuracy. After backbone adaptation, replacing the trained linear head with TabPFN improves calibration while preserving competitive accuracy, showing that representation adaptation and reliable head choice are complementary. Together, these results identify when TabPFN can serve as a training-free head for calibration-sensitive multimodal classification. To support transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the source code, experiment configurations, and evaluation scripts in our GitHub repository: https://github.com/Jingxiang-Zhang/tabpfn-multimodal-embeddings.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.00951

Why Koopman Structure Does Not Help Differentiable World Models for Humanoid Whole-Body Tracking

Haizhou Ge, Mengshuo Wang, Yufei Jia, Lei Han, Lu Shi, Guyue Zhou, Ruqi Huang

原文摘要

We test whether Koopman structure helps a differentiable world model used to train a simulated Unitree G1 whole-body tracking policy by backpropagation through imagined rollouts, replacing the MLP world model of an otherwise unchanged pipeline. It does not: return is at best equal (0.823 versus 0.830), one-step error on identical data is 1.3 to 1.6 times the MLP's, and training is about 15% slower. Lifted rollouts diverge or fail to train policies; of the schemes tested, re-lifting at every imagined step trains best. Re-lifting never uses the lifted linear dynamics and leaves a model affine in the action, with state-dependent offset and slope; an action-affine MLP also predicts worse, so the accuracy cost belongs to this class. At a fixed state, the dynamics' curvature in the action explains only part of it. Across states, the policy's actions span a curved region, so an affine model fits policy data only as the tangent at the policy's action, the operating point: on G1, the MLP's tangent there is as accurate as the MLP; at the mean action, 31 times worse. The offset must encode, from the state alone, where the policy acts, whereas an MLP reads the action. Supplying the policy's action removes most of the remaining gap on G1, Ant and Humanoid. The only tested online repair approaching the MLP feeds the action into the nonlinear lift, abandoning the structure. For this use, the MLP world model remains the better choice.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2607.29586

TraceViT: Grounded Trace Supervision for Visual Abstract Reasoning

Binnan Liu, Yechi Ma, Tian Xie, Wei Hua

原文摘要

The Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) tests whether a model can infer an unseen transformation from a few input-output examples and apply it to a new grid. Looped visual reasoners refine predictions over multiple iterations, but conventional training constrains only the final output, leaving intermediate refinements unconstrained. We propose that these refinements should instead follow the transformation step by step. We introduce TraceViT, a looped visual reasoner trained with semantically monotonic transformation chains. We obtain these chains by rewriting and verifying programmatic task implementations, decomposing each solution into intermediate grid states. Each iteration is grounded by a task reference derived from the few-shot demonstrations and an object workspace representing the current grid state. Because these chains may differ in length from the loop, soft trace alignment enforces only their ordering, letting the model allocate iterations freely. TraceViT achieves 67.8% pass@2 on ARC-AGI-1 and 24.3% on ARC-AGI-2. Controlled ablations on ARC-AGI-1 show that trace supervision becomes beneficial only when paired with grounding. Code and data will be available at https://github.com/LiuBinnan/TraceViT.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07599

Binding Paraphrased Instructions to Encountered Objects in sLLM Agents under Partial Observability

Chanyoung Kim, Harim Song, Byoungchan Ko, Keonyoung Lee, Myungwon Lee, Dahuin Jung

原文摘要

Reliable deployment of LLM agents requires grounding diverse user expressions in their environments. Although RL-finetuned smaller large language model (sLLM) agents rival larger prompted LLMs on embodied tasks, their robustness to instruction paraphrases remains unclear. We introduce ALFWorld-Para to evaluate this robustness under controlled paraphrases, revealing 21-52% declines in success rates (SRs), predominantly driven by object synonyms. Despite retaining knowledge of synonym referents, agents often fail to take the corresponding objects even after observing them, exposing a gap between referential knowledge and object binding. Partial observability further complicates binding, as referents may remain unseen or have already been encountered under different labels. To address this challenge, we propose BINDIntent, a training-free framework that probabilistically binds referring expressions to observed labels using semantic proximity and estimated persistence against unseen candidates. Without additional training or LLM calls, BINDIntent improves synonym-paraphrase success of RL-finetuned sLLMs by 17.5-49.1 percentage points (pp) with only 0.4 ms of CPU overhead per step. It also raises GiGPO-7B's overall SR from 61.8% to 77.4%, surpassing a prompted 24B LLM. Code and benchmark are available at https://github.com/cau-hai-lab/ALFWorld-Para.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07598

Align Before Aggregation: Basis-Consistent Federated LoRA under Heterogeneous Ranks

Pengpeng Qiao, Yang Cao, Lingling Zhang, Guo Cheng, Junwei Chen, Manjiang Yu, Wei Yang Bryan Lim, Masatoshi Yoshikawa

原文摘要

Federated fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) under heterogeneous client capacities is increasingly important, and low-rank adaptation (LoRA) with heterogeneous ranks makes it practical. Existing server-side aggregators compose local matrix updates $ΔW_i$ from client-specific LoRA factors $(A_i,B_i)$ before aggregating them. Although these matrix updates lie in the same weight space $\mathbb{R}^{m\times n}$ and can be averaged directly, the LoRA factors that generate them may expressed client-specific local basis. In the typical compose--aggregate--factorize--dispatch loop, this basis inconsistency can make the rank-$r_i$ reference prefix dispatched to lower-rank clients unstable after server-side refactorization. In this work, we propose \textbf{FedAbA}, a basis-consistent federated LoRA aggregation framework for heterogeneous ranks. FedAbA first extracts each client's local basis, aligns it to the corresponding prefix of the global reference basis, and constructs a basis-consistent reconstruction of each local matrix update before aggregation. It then aggregates these reconstructions with weights that combine client data size and consistency score, followed by exact coefficient-space SVD refactorization and gauge fixing before rank-prefix dispatch. Our theoretical analysis clarifies the role of basis consistency and supports the proposed consistency-aware aggregation mechanism. Extensive experiments show that FedAbA outperforms representative federated LoRA baselines, with the largest gains under the strongest rank heterogeneity.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07595

Evolver: Turning Agent Exploration into Evolving Capabilities

Haoyang Zhang, Qumeng Sun, Xiao Zhang, Xiang Liu, Zhidong Fan, Junjie Wang

原文摘要

Agent exploration produces valuable procedural knowledge, yet much of this experience remains confined to transient execution traces and is not systematically reused. We introduce Evolver, an experience-driven framework that transforms agent exploration into persistent, reusable capabilities without updating foundation model parameters. Built around structured Gene assets, Evolver integrates experience acquisition, retrieval, and feedback-guided evolution to support experience-conditioned execution across existing agent harnesses. We evaluate Evolver using Claude Code and Codex, two foundation model configurations, and four benchmarks: Terminal-Bench 2.1, SWE-bench Multilingual, SWE-rebench, and GAIA. On a selected diagnostic set of 320 paired executions, Evolver improves task success from 83.13% to 87.50% (+4.38 percentage points) while reducing recorded task-execution token consumption by 24.24%. Furthermore, among 265 pairs successful under both conditions, token consumption decreases by 17.57%, demonstrating efficiency benefits even when task success is preserved. These findings suggest that persistent procedural experience can improve both task effectiveness and execution efficiency, providing a practical foundation for transforming agent exploration into evolving capabilities.

cs.SE · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07593

TACT-KV: Tri-Axis Cosine Transform for Compressing Volumetric KV Caches in Medical VLMs

Chongyu Qu, Ritchie Zhao, Yufan He, Dong Yang, Zhengyi Lu, Junchao Zhu, Tianyuan Yao, Juming Xiong 等 15 位作者

原文摘要

Vision-language models (VLMs) applied to 3D medical scans face a structural memory wall. A single CT or MRI volume produces tens of thousands of vision tokens, and the resulting key-value (KV) cache scales linearly with both batch and context. Existing KV compression methods operate on the cache's feature or token statistics, or apply 1D and 2D transforms, leaving the three-axis spatial structure in the cache unexploited. We propose TACT-KV (Tri-Axis Cosine Transform), a calibration-free KV compression method that exploits strong spatial correlations in visual KV states along all three anatomical axes of 3D scans. This correlation concentrates the KV cache energy under a frequency-domain transform. TACT-KV applies a separable 3D discrete cosine transform to the KV cache, allocates a per-layer bit budget across frequency bins via reverse water-filling (more bits to high-energy components), and quantizes each bin with a fixed scalar codebook. We derive a close-form relation: the distortion reduction from adaptive bit allocation is dominated by the spectral concentration of the transformed cache. Across six medical VLMs and two 3D CT benchmarks, TACT-KV achieves the lowest 1-bit prediction-flip rate on eleven of twelve model and dataset pairs in our main comparison. The same advantage reproduces on four general-purpose VLMs evaluated on video tasks, indicating that the benefit of exploiting three-axis structure generalizes beyond medical imaging. At equal high-bandwidth memory (HBM), TACT-KV scales the decoding batch size on a single GPU by up to $8\times$.

cs.CV · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07591

Beyond Independent Predictions: Learning the Browsing Journey for Sequence-Level Re-ranking

Jiayi Zhang, Jingxin Hai, Zhenjia Ma, Hongbin Pei, Dagui Chen, Han Zhu, Jian Xu

原文摘要

Re-ranking aims to present users with an ordered list that maximizes sequence-level utility. Industrial deployments widely adopt the Generator--Evaluator framework, where the generator proposes candidate sequences, and the evaluator scores them to select the best one for display. The fidelity of the evaluator's utility estimates thus directly governs recommendation quality. However, existing evaluators predominantly follow the \textbf{Independent Behavior Modeling (IBM)} paradigm, which simplifies the continuous user \emph{browsing journey} into independent per-item predictions (e.g., CTR). This oversimplification ignores two physical realities: (i) a click can occur only after the item has been reached and impressed, and (ii) items compete for finite user attention. As a result, IBM produces systematically biased evaluations and suboptimal sequence selection. To address this, we propose a \textbf{Joint Behavior Modeling (JBM)} perspective that explicitly models the \emph{display} $\rightarrow$ \emph{impression} $\rightarrow$ \emph{click} process to capture causal and competitive dependencies within a sequence. Building on JBM, we develop the \textbf{Impression-Click Evaluator (ICE)}, a plug-and-play framework that (i) predicts a browsing-depth distribution to estimate per-position impression probabilities, (ii) leverages predicted impressions to suppress spurious context from unexposed items during click modeling, and (iii) introduces a click distribution matching objective to capture intra-sequence dependencies. Extensive offline experiments across diverse backbones, together with a 14-day online A/B test in the Taobao App (+0.70\% clicks, +3.67\% revenue) and full-traffic deployment, validate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.

cs.IR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.14494

Learning Scenario Reduction for Two-Stage Robust Optimization with Discrete Uncertainty

Tianjue Lin, Jianan Zhou, Jieyi Bi, Yaoxin Wu, Wen Song, Zhiguang Cao, Jie Zhang

原文摘要

Two-Stage Robust Optimization (2RO) with discrete uncertainty is challenging, often rendering exact solutions prohibitive. Scenario reduction alleviates this issue by selecting a small, representative subset of scenarios to enable tractable computation. However, existing methods are largely problem-agnostic, operating solely on the uncertainty set without consulting the feasible region or recourse structure. In this paper, we introduce PRISE, a problem-driven sequential lookahead heuristic that constructs reduced scenario sets by evaluating the marginal impact of each scenario. While PRISE yields high-quality scenario subsets, each selection step requires solving multiple subproblems, making it computationally expensive at scale. To address this, we propose NeurPRISE, a neural surrogate model built on a GNN-Transformer backbone that encodes the per-scenario structure via graph convolution and captures cross-scenario interactions through attention. NeurPRISE is trained via imitation learning with a gain-aware ranking objective, which distills marginal gain information from PRISE into a learned scoring function for scenario ranking and selection. Extensive results on three 2RO problems show that NeurPRISE consistently achieves competitive regret relative to comprehensive methods, maintains strong calability with varying numbers of scenarios, and delivers 17-200x speedup over PRISE. NeurPRISE also exhibits strong zero-shot generalization, effectively handling instances with larger problem scales (up to 5x), more scenarios (up to 4x), and distribution shifts.

cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07589

Learning and Steering in Incomplete-Information Games

Asrın Efe Yorulmaz, Tamer Başar

原文摘要

In many modern multi-agent systems, a mediator seeks to influence strategic decision dynamics using only outcome-level feedback and without knowing agents' utilities. In this work, we study how a mediator can learn an unknown game and steer adaptive agents toward outcomes that maximize her utility using only trajectory feedback. The mediator knows the game form and her own objective, but not the agents' utilities. Moreover, she commits to nonnegative payments and provides recommendations and contexts, but receives only a single realized terminal outcome rather than full-information feedback. We develop halving-type algorithms that learn utility differences in normal-form games and conditional continuation-value differences in extensive-form games, achieving a sample complexity of $\widetilde O(\varepsilon^{-2})$ that matches worst-case lower bounds up to logarithmic factors. We then combine these learning procedures with a Lagrangian formulation in an online Learn-Compute-Steer algorithm that interleaves learning, equilibrium computation, and steering toward mediator-optimal extensive-form correlated equilibria (EFCE). With high probability, the Learn-Compute-Steer algorithm achieves a directness gap and an optimality gap of $\widetilde O(T^{-1/4})$, while time-average payments are of $\widetilde O(T^{-1/8})$.

cs.GT · cs.AI · cs.LG · eess.SY · math.OC

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