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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.34051

BEHAVIOR-Spatial Benchmark: Evaluating Spatial Understanding for Robotics

Sirui Chen, Huang Huang, Qineng Wang, Wenlong Huang, Manling Li, Ruohan Zhang, Li Fei-Fei, Jiajun Wu

原文摘要

Robot tasks require grounding spatial language in physical scenes, but task success alone cannot establish whether spatial instructions are followed. We present BEHAVIOR-Spatial, a benchmark built on BEHAVIOR-1K that measures spatial question answering, point-based target grounding, and robot action to examine how VLM spatial understanding relates to VLA behavior. It comprises 3,256 spatial questions across 49 activities, 1,240 grounding queries across 14 manipulation tasks, and action evaluations covering those 14 tasks and 10 navigation tasks. Our manipulation protocol evaluates held-out configurations and instruction following when the requested target changes within a fixed training layout. The baseline achieves 41.6% on held-out configurations but only 16.1% under changed instructions. VLM adaptation and robot-data pretraining provide limited improvements, whereas oracle visual target cues raise these rates to 60.3% and 38.0%, respectively. Perception evaluations reveal policy-dependent correlations between VLM question-answering and grounding accuracy and VLA manipulation performance. Together, these findings motivate evaluating spatial instruction following alongside task completion and examining when spatial perception performance translates into robot behavior. Project website: https://arielchen07.github.io/behavior-spatial/.

cs.RO · cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38197

Convex-SKM-Net: Low-Latency Block Halfspace Corrections for Neural Convex Constraint Satisfaction

Haoyu Zhu, Xiaochen Zhang, Qingchun Hou

原文摘要

Fast inference and strict constraint satisfaction are essential for learning-based decision-making. Existing methods often rely on constraint-specific projections or feasible-set parameterizations, while iterative repair can be costly. We introduce Convex-SKM-Net, a convex constraint-satisfaction layer that forms linearization halfspaces from residual and (sub)gradient oracles without constraint-specific inequality projectors. It applies fixed-depth dual projected-gradient descent (dual PGD) to minimum-displacement block problems using GPU-friendly matrix operations. We jointly learn the predictor and a positive-definite mobility, adapting the correction geometry to improve objective quality. We prove convergence of the outer iterates at fixed dual depth and linear convergence in distance under Slater's condition and bounded subgradients. All our test outputs on three second-order-cone model-predictive control (SOC-MPC) horizons and six power-system convex relaxations satisfy a $10^{-3}$ feasibility tolerance. Comparisons with the latest constraint-satisfaction methods show inference speedups of up to $144.3\times$ on SOC-MPC and $7.7\times$ on a convex quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) benchmark with joint training. On QCQP, the mean objective gap is $0.012\%$, with full test feasibility at $10^{-4}$. Learning mobility reduces the five-seed affine-task mean gap by $22.4\%$ and improves gaps in matched power-system comparisons.

cs.LG · cs.AI · math.OC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.36722

Progressively Refining SAM for Accurate Phytoplankton Segmentation

Jialin Li, Jinkun Jiang, Yuezun Li, Junyu Dong

原文摘要

Accurate phytoplankton segmentation is essential for ecological monitoring, yet it remains largely underexplored due to the subtle visual characteristics of phytoplankton and the scarcity of pixel-level annotations. To address these challenges, we propose PhySeg, a SAM-based segmentation framework equipped with a lightweight refinement module that progressively restores fine-grained details through multi-scale feature fusion. In addition, we construct a phytoplankton segmentation dataset by manually annotating instance-level masks for an existing dataset, providing a valuable resource for future research. Experimental results demonstrate that PhySeg improves segmentation accuracy, validating the effectiveness of the proposed module. Code is available at https://github.com/lijialin404/PhySeg.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.33936

Bridging Search Intent and Tabular Data in Dataset Search

Wenjing Lin, Madelon Hulsebos

原文摘要

Dataset search remains a bottleneck in data analysis workflows, as existing systems largely rely on keyword matching or shallow retrieval that fail to capture user intent. To facilitate intent-driven search, we present two retrieval components to equip multi-faceted dataset search interfaces through natural language. First, we propose Hypothetical Schema Embeddings (HySE) that uses a language model to generate task-aligned hypothetical table schemas which are used for embedding-based retrieval, bridging the gap between intent and table content. We introduce KaggleDS, a corpus comprising 6,503 tables and diverse task-queries derived from Kaggle, and show that HySE consistently improves recall over strong keyword and embedding-based baselines, as well as over a dense table retriever fine-tuned on KaggleDS. We also show that HySE generalizes to end-to-end question answering on, for example, the NQ-Tables dataset, a corpus of 169,898 Wikipedia tables with human-written queries, where HySE improves Recall@10 by +6.0 pp over dense retrieval baselines. Second, we introduce FlexPrune, which translates dataset constraints expressed in natural-language into SQL predicates over a customizable metadata index, enabling filtering across arbitrary metadata attributes. Combined with HySE, FlexPrune increases Recall@10 by +6.0 pp over dense retrieval followed by tag-based filtering. Our results show that natural-language-based retrieval supporting task and metadata queries offers a viable alternative to schema-level keyword search in dataset search.

cs.IR · cs.DB

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38193

Barren Plateaus in Quantum Linear Combinations: Interference and Lie-Algebraic Control

Amir Koutahi, Pouya Kananian, Hans-Arno Jacobsen

原文摘要

A coherent sum of quantum circuits introduces interference that can alter the training signal. We distinguish a single linear combination of unitaries (LCU) from a circuit that repeatedly alternates branch operations and ancilla mixing. For a single-pass LCU, independent branches with zero matrix means cannot erase the differentiated branch's gradient variance: the total variance is at least the branch variance times the fourth power of its coefficient magnitude. This bound holds at any gate position and does not require the circuit unitaries to be Haar-random. Beyond this lower bound, we derive exact loss and gradient formulas that quantify the additional contributions from interference between branches. One of these terms depends on relative coefficient phases and vanishes when the branch ensemble is invariant under multiplication by $i \mathbb{I}$; a four-qubit matchgate example shows that it can be nonzero. For repeated interleaving with full special-unitary ancilla control, we determine the generated Lie algebra from the associative algebra of the branches, including the available central phase directions. This control result predicts concentration only with additional assumptions on circuit sampling. Matchgate examples exhibit polynomial single-pass LCU variances and exponential concentration under joint Haar-random sampling. We also derive coefficient-selection rules and bounds for postselection, measurement error, and approximate moments.

quant-ph · cs.ET · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.36554

PRISM-BENCH: Diagnosing Grounded and Faithful Multimodal Reasoning Beyond Final-Answer Accuracy

Vansh Bhatia, Mehdi Rezagholizadeh, Parsa Ashrafi Fashi, Igor Gilitschenski, Vikram Appia, Emad Barsoum

原文摘要

Final-answer accuracy reports whether a vision-language model was right, but not whether its answer was grounded in the image, whether its stated reasoning reflects that evidence, or what the answer cost to produce. Those are the properties that decide whether a system can be deployed. We present PRISM-BENCH, a benchmark of 1,000 expert-curated questions spanning five under-represented reasoning categories, in which every item carries an idealized reasoning trace written by one human annotator and validated by another. The traces support two diagnostics that accuracy cannot provide. A perception probe, in which the model answers from a description it wrote itself, attributes roughly 85% of frontier-model failures to misperception and places the bottleneck at grounding. Trace alignment predicts answer correctness for all 25 systems tested (macro AUROC 0.66) and survives length control, so it measures reasoning content and not verbosity. We further introduce CORE, an efficiency-aware metric that reorders 24.2% of model pairs relative to accuracy while remaining uncorrelated with response length. Across 25 open and closed systems, including GPT-5 and Claude Opus 4.6, the best accuracy is 66.0%. On the four categories with a human baseline the best system trails humans by 18.4 points, and recent frontier gains fall on recognition and not on spatial grounding.

cs.CV · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38189

Ancilla-free randomized Toffoli gates and the T-count of Boolean oracles

Arul Rhik Mazumder

原文摘要

In fault-tolerant Clifford+T circuits, a Boolean oracle costs T gates and extra qubits, and on four or more qubits every exact Toffoli gate needs an extra qubit. Gosset, Kothari and Zhang showed that sampling a fresh random circuit for each call makes the T-count of the Toffoli gate independent of its size, but a direct implementation of their sampler uses about one extra qubit per bit of precision. We show that computing the sampled parities in place, on the gate's own controls, removes every extra qubit once the gate is large enough: each random circuit then uses about 8 T gates per bit of precision and borrows only the gate's own idle inputs. This is one T gate more per circuit than the best measurement-free variant that keeps one clean ancilla. The same holds for exclusive-ors of indicators of affine subspaces, such as equality tests and checks of linear equations. For randomized circuits that do not measure, this is within a factor of eight of optimal up to an additive constant, even with extra qubits, and when each random circuit computes a Boolean function exactly, closing the factor asymptotically is equivalent to determining the leading constant in the T-count of exact multi-controlled Toffoli gates. Finally, the oracle of the indicator of a random set of fixed density needs exponentially many T gates at constant error, while that of an affine subspace of the same density needs a constant number, and extra qubits reduce the exponential cost only quadratically.

quant-ph · cs.CC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38186

IKTRACE: A Natural Language Processing Framework for Identifying Indigenous Knowledge Representation in Academic Literature

Tara Azin, Christy Caudill, Mako Sorensen, Peter Pulsifer

原文摘要

As artificial intelligence systems increasingly rely on vast textual data, respectful and accurate representation of Indigenous Knowledge has become critical. This paper introduces IKTRACE, a natural language processing framework for identifying, analyzing, and organizing Indigenous Knowledge representations in academic literature while adhering to Indigenous Data Sovereignty (IDsov) principles. We present a community-informed taxonomy co-developed with Inuit partners, comprising nine knowledge domains grounded in Indigenous Data Sovereignty principles. Building on this taxonomy, we implement a multi-method Knowledge identification pipeline using complementary natural language processing approaches. Outputs are integrated into a knowledge graph to support future expert and community validation. Applied to a corpus of Canadian Arctic research documents, IKTRACE demonstrated high accuracy and strong community relevance in expert validation. Our framework provides a scalable, ethically grounded foundation for Community-centered Knowledge validation and the development of Indigenous-informed AI systems.

cs.CY

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38185

Complementing Text Based Moderation with Multimodal Grounding: Detecting Fraudulent Inducement Behaviors on Short Video Platforms

Xiaoyong Yu

原文摘要

Short video platforms have become a primary channel for black and gray industry operations in internet finance, where inducements such as prompts to like, follow, join private chat groups, or click external links frequently steer users toward fraud. Because such videos are short, dynamic, and often convey intent through fleeting visual cues rather than stable text, a moderation system must guarantee detection recall and localize the offending segment so reviewers inspect only the relevant clip. Existing OCR+LLM pipelines transcribe on-screen text frame by frame and classify the transcript, but exploit only textual information. Many inducements are conveyed through visual cues OCR cannot observe, and keyframe-based localization cannot recover precise temporal boundaries. We explore OCR+MLLM, which augments the text pipeline with a Multimodal Large Language Model, and compare three routes: OCR+LLM, OCR+MLLM, and a large zero-shot MLLM, along detection, latency, token consumption, and deployment complexity. OCR preserves the text signal that guarantees recall, while the MLLM jointly performs OCR-grounded discrimination and temporal grounding, localizing both textual and non-textual inducements. We construct a dataset of 2,419 internet finance short videos (66.49 hours) with 3,194 annotated events across four categories, and study reward design for RL-based grounding under class imbalance. We report two findings: auxiliary reward terms are exploited through reward hacking, and stronger localization rewards degrade class-balanced detection. We therefore design a recall-weighted F2 localization reward with class-balanced resampling. Experiments show OCR+MLLM localizes better than the keyframe OCR+LLM baseline (mIoU 26.52 vs. 14.49) and detects non-textual inducements that text-only pipelines miss, while maintaining 67.0 percent macro recall.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.31066

Dual Exam: Controlled Evaluation of Multimodal Agents and World Models

Zhefan Rao, Meng Chu, Xuan Billy Zhang, Jingfan Chen, Guohao Cai, Runyi Li, Shiyi Du, Xu Huang 等 92 位作者

原文摘要

World Models (WMs) can support Multimodal Agents (MAs) through simulated experience, while Agent trajectories can inform World Model refinement. Evaluating this interaction requires separate evidence about action selection and state evolution. We introduce Dual Exam, which tests Agents under fixed environment response mechanisms and World Models under fixed action interventions across physical, digital, social, and scientific domains. The Agent track compares 10 configurations on 1,088 items in 15 reporting categories. The World Model track contains 400 cases across eight scenarios; 15 configurations have full coverage and one covers six scenarios. GPT 6 Astra leads the case-weighted Agent Index at 31.3, and GPT-Image-2 leads the full-coverage WM Overall at 21.7. These scores use different tasks and metrics and are not directly comparable. A 150-case pilot of one coupled pairing records zero task successes and motivates component-level diagnosis. Results reveal uneven task performance and failures to preserve task-relevant state. Their value for predicting coupled success or sustained reciprocal learning remains to be established.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38182

HyperIntent: Tracking Intent Shifts for Efficient Reasoning on Dynamic Textual Graphs

Yilin Yao, Bin Lu, Xinhui Li, Meng Jin, Xinbing Wang

原文摘要

Dynamic web interactions continuously evolve as new edges arrive, offering large language models (LLMs) great potential for reasoning over edge-level temporal semantics. However, continuously arriving edges are often repetitive, obscuring the key structures that truly reflect temporal changes and limiting the efficiency of LLMs. A key insight is that beneath the dense stream of edge arrivals lies a sparse evolution of temporal intent, enabling LLMs to be responsively triggered only when such intent shifts, while otherwise inheriting the previous state. To this end, we propose a hypergraph-based framework named HyperIntent, which enhances dynamic graph reasoning by parsing differentiated intents, quantifying their temporal discrepancies, and performing shift-triggered semantic updating. Experimental results on destination node retrieval and future link prediction demonstrate that HyperIntent consistently achieves the best overall performance, with average relative Hits@1 gains of 34.0% and 25.4% over vanilla TGAT and DyGFormer, respectively. Meanwhile, HyperIntent reduces LLM token consumption by 54.4%-95.9% across six datasets while achieving leading predictive performance. In-depth studies further confirm the necessity of shift triggering for identifying structural and semantic temporal changes. The code will be made publicly available upon completion of the review process.

cs.GR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38181

Component Translation and Judge-Labelled Refusal: A Multilingual Safety Evaluation

Yongxi Zhou, Junwei Yao, Wenbo Ye, Jiahui Ge

原文摘要

Whole-prompt translation evaluates a request in different languages but does not compare which component carries a language. We introduce a paired reversal: translate the complete request component or the complete operation component into the same target language, holding behaviour, English frame and translated-span count fixed. Component identity and non-English text quantity change together. Assigning English, Chinese and Spanish independently to the two components yields nine configurations on 190 of 300 sampled harmful behaviours retained after consensus annotation and automatic gating. Refusal scored by language-model judges is the primary outcome; unsafe compliance is reported separately. On Gemini 2.5 Flash and DeepSeek, three refusal swaps are about 5.3 percentage points and the fourth is -0.5; none survives the pre-specified six-test Holm correction. In an exploratory extension, Mistral Small 4 has a 13.7-point Spanish swap (95% interval [8.4, 18.9]), which survives the twelve-test Holm sensitivity correction under the primary judge, and 12.1 points under a second judge. GPT-5.4-mini estimates are within 2 points of zero. Component assignment supplies an additional evaluation dimension. Evaluations should record component languages and translated text quantity, comparing matched behaviours at equal translated-span count while interpreting refusal and unsafe compliance separately.

cs.CL · cs.CR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38179

In-Context Learning for Multi-Fidelity Multiscale Model Closure and Cross-Operator Out-Of-Distribution Generalization

Xinyuan Li, Matthew Zahr, Panos Stinis, Zecheng Zhang

原文摘要

Multi-fidelity learning uses low-fidelity information (coarse-scale PDE models) together with limited high-fidelity data (fine-scale solutions) to obtain high-accuracy PDE solutions. It is a data-driven approach to downscale reduced-order models to solve PDEs efficiently and accurately. Standard multi-fidelity learning focuses on one operator or PDE; given a new PDE, retraining using additional coarse-fine solution pairs may be required, which is costly. In this work, we propose an in-context multi-fidelity learning framework for learning multiple multi-fidelity operators with one shared model. The model is trained using paired low- and high-fidelity examples as demonstrations from multiple operators, together with a new coarse-scale solution query, to predict the corresponding fine-scale solution. Once trained, given a new PDE operator, a few (fewer than five) coarse-fine demonstration pairs, and a low-cost coarse query, the model predicts the corresponding fine-scale solution without fine-tuning. When the target operator appears in the training dataset but has a different prediction goal, such as predicting beyond the training time interval, no additional demonstrations are needed. Instead, the model uses training coarse-fine pairs from that PDE and information from other training operators. Testing then only requires generating a low-cost coarse-scale solution query, without fine-tuning. Notably, our smallest model contains only 255,364 trainable parameters, corresponding to approximately 456 parameters per training operator for 560 operators.

math.NA · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.36681

From Biological Curves to Soft Modular Robots: Learning-Based Inverse Design with Uncertainty-Guided Refinement

Dixiang Wang, Minghao Zha, Arifur Rahman, Yinhong Qin, Yitao Jiang, Shiyang Lu, Zebing Mao, Muhao Chen 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Animals exhibit diverse shape-changing behaviors, from the undulatory swimming of eels to the arching movements of inchworms. Reproducing these biological shapes with modular soft robots offers a promising approach to developing versatile bioinspired robotic systems. However, translating a desired shape into a feasible robotic configuration remains challenging. Existing cable-driven modular soft robots rely on computationally expensive physics-based modeling and combinatorial search for inverse design, making it difficult to efficiently reproduce diverse target shapes. To address this challenge, we present a learning-based real-to-sim-to-real framework that translates biological curves into robotic configurations through surrogate-assisted inverse design and uncertainty-guided refinement. The proposed method combines learned inverse prediction with targeted candidate exploration, using a fast forward surrogate to evaluate and select suitable designs. The learned forward surrogate reduces deformation prediction time from $1.53 \times 10^5$ ms to 0.0008 ms, achieving approximately a $1.9 \times 10^8$-fold speedup. At the same time, the proposed inverse design method reduces design time from $1.99 \times 10^6$ ms to 4.18 ms. On 5,000 test samples generated from previously unseen threading patterns, the method achieves a 93% shape reconstruction success rate under surrogate-based evaluation. Physical demonstrations with four bioinspired robots further illustrate the translation of biological curves into realizable robotic shapes.

cs.RO · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38176

Minimum Sufficient Communication for Independent Behaviour Tree Robot Teams

Sherry Jiang, Oliver Obst

原文摘要

We present an experimental framework for determining sufficient communication in robot teams running fixed, independent Behaviour Trees with private blackboards. Within a declared policy family, we vary message content and admission frequency and measure traffic in recipient-weighted bits per robot decision. A dense sweep identifies candidate policies for comparison with full-state communication. We retest selected candidates and the reference on fresh, paired scenarios, using one-sided simultaneous confidence bounds to assess whether success remains within five percentage points of the full-state reference. The bounds also assess whether tested cheaper policies can be ruled out as insufficient. Depending on the evidence, the framework reports an exact minimum, a positive bracket, a sufficient upper bound, or an unresolved boundary. Experiments with eight content policies across four warehouse conditions identify zero communication as the exact minimum under low contention. In the scaled condition, the no-release policy at gate $q=0.992222$ is confirmed sufficient, achieving 96.33% success at an estimated rate of 738.55 bits per robot decision, or 0.544% of full-state traffic. The positive minimum remains unresolved. These claims apply only to the declared policy family, sampled gate values and operating conditions.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38175

DecompGym: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Designing Decomposition Algorithms

Sikai Cheng, Tinghan Ye, Arnaud Deza, Xiaonan Qi, Miao Li, Litong Liu, Changkun Guan

原文摘要

Benders decomposition and column generation solve large optimization problems by passing cuts, columns, and dual values between a master problem and subproblems, and are hard to implement correctly. Large language models now automate parts of algorithm design, which points toward agents that build decomposition solvers for new problems. As a first step toward such agents, we study how well current coding agents design and implement these two algorithms, and how they fail. We introduce DecompGym, 81 instances from nine problem families (five Benders, four column generation), in which an agent writes a solver for a prescribed method. Each solver must meet three criteria: execution within a 60-second time limit; numerical feasibility together with a method audit, in which an LLM judge reads the solver's code; and an objective within 1% of the stored optimal objective. We evaluate 12 GPT, Claude, and Gemini models running in coding-agent tools. Over up to ten attempts, we compare independent regeneration with reflection, which first diagnoses the failure. On the first attempt, two models solve every instance and seven solve more than 90%. Most Benders failures (48 of 62) are missing or suboptimal solutions. The most common column-generation failure is a method-audit rejection. Output checks alone would accept 93 of the 108 attempts that fail the method audit. The most common rejection, an optimalif, occurs 96 times, 92 of them in one model.Reflection turns 66% of retries into successes, compared with 39% for regeneration, and it repairs method-audit failures, for which the judge names the defecective gaps. Agents for decomposition therefore need checks on how a solver reaches its answer and feedback that locates the error. The benchmark is available at https://github.com/SIKAI-C/DecompGym.

cs.AI · math.OC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38174HF 社区推荐

Scaling Lean Theorem Proving for Real-World Code Verification

Debargha Ganguly, Divya Raghunathan, Dejan Jovanović, Vikash Singh, Soonho Kong, Aaron Tomb, Aman Goel, Ferhat Erata 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

We present EasyProver, a Lean proving system built from recursive agents with isolated contexts, asynchronous search, parallel tactic probing, and an elastic elaboration service. Using an off-the-shelf frontier model with no additional training, it proves 669/672 PutnamBench problems and all six IMO 2026 formalizations and resolves 597/600 NTP4VC verification conditions and all 189 VERINA tasks by proof or refutation. Because these benchmarks are close to saturation, we also introduce Aegis, which converts competitive programming problems into much harder verification tasks over real implementations. The pipeline writes safe Rust solutions, translates them into Lean with Aeneas, generates specifications, and labels each frozen statement with a kernel-checked proof or refutation. It produces 2,045 differentially validated Rust-Lean program pairs and 11,533 candidate specifications. Unlike hand-written benchmarks, these tasks carry implementation-level obligations from fixed-width arithmetic, explicit failure, generated loops, casts, and functionalized mutation. On a stratified sample of 2,000 statements, EasyProver proves 1,054 (52.7%) within a 30-minute budget per statement. The same tasks can also be used to benchmark other provers and as rewards for reinforcement learning.

cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.LO · cs.SE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38173

A Gradient based Adversarial Augmentation Framework for Mitigating Unlearnable Datasets

Long Dang, Satpal Sura, Kaiqi Xiong

原文摘要

Unlearnable data methods (ULD) protect public data from unauthorized model training by adding imperceptible perturbations that create a learning shortcut. A deep neural network can exploit the shortcut learning path to minimize training loss without learning generalizable features. Intuitively, finding adversarial versions of perturbed images that can substantially increase the model's loss can force the model to learn generalizable features. Existing data augmentation based attacks rely on heuristic search strategies/random sampling over a curated augmentation set to identify adversarial augmentation operations, an approach that often does not scale when the number of candidate operations is large. To address the challenge of a large search space, we propose {\techname}, a gradient based adversarial augmentation framework that learns an augmentation policy via stochastic gradient ascent. {\techname} leverages a differentiable data augmentation pipeline to efficiently search a set of up to 18 augmentation techniques, from which a grid search selects a protection-specific subset. The augmentation subset is trained to maximize a surrogate model's classification loss. We introduce a perceptual-plus-pixel regularization to learn operation parameters that preserve image semantics. Under a controlled ablation, {\techname} consistently outperforms an equivalent random sampling baseline (80.0\% vs. 77.29\% clean test accuracy on EMIN-protected CIFAR-10 for ResNet-18 and 83.28\% vs. 66.45\% on NTGA-protected CIFAR-10 for MobileNet-V2), demonstrating that gradient guidance drives the clean test accuracy recoverability rather than the expanded search space. {\techname} offers an effective and scalable adversarial augmentation framework for stress-testing ULD methods, a critical tool for developing robust ULD methods.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38172

Data Amount Heterogeneity Improves Performance in Federated Learning for Neuroimaging

Paul Kurian, Tamoghna Chattopadhyay, Abhijith Shaji, Greg Ver Steeg, Paul M. Thompson, Jose Luis Ambite

原文摘要

Federated Learning (FL) allows for secure analysis of distributed data without data sharing. We and others have successfully applied FL to neuroimaging tasks, such as Alzheimer's disease classification from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). FL trains a deep learning model locally at each site, encrypts the local model parameters and sends them to a federation controller that aggregates the local models under homomorphic encryption, the resulting community model is sent back to the sites for further training, and the process repeats for a number of rounds. FL often achieves learning performance (e.g., accuracy) close to centralized training, but no data leaves the sites and model parameters are protected through encryption and other measures. In this paper, we show that federations composed of sites with heterogeneous amounts of data (1 large site plus small sites) perform better than homogeneous (same data per site) federations, particularly in low data regimes, while reaching performance close to centralized training. Having a big site often results in faster convergence and higher final accuracy. Heterogeneous federations better exploit sites with small amounts of data, a common situation in large consortia such as ENIGMA.

cs.LG · cs.CV · q-bio.NC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v5arXiv:2502.03477

Partial Markov Categories

Elena Di Lavore, Mario Román, Paweł Sobociński

原文摘要

We introduce partial Markov categories as a synthetic framework for synthetic probabilistic inference, blending the work of Cho and Jacobs, Fritz, and Golubtsov on Markov categories with the work of Cockett and Lack on cartesian restriction categories. We describe observations, Bayes' theorem, normalisation, and both Pearl's and Jeffrey's updates in purely categorical terms.

math.CT · cs.LO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.17672

Encounter-Driven City-Scale Human Mobility Generation with Large Language Models

Chao Li, Renhe Jiang, Chuan Xiao, Jiawei Wang

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential for human mobility generation by modeling individual routines, activities, and mobility preferences. However, existing approaches remain largely resident-centric: generating realistic individual trajectories does not necessarily recover the encounters that emerge when multiple residents co-occur at the same place and time. To this end, we study encounter-aware human mobility generation, which jointly preserves individual mobility and population-level interaction structure. We propose EncounterMob, an encounter-driven LLM framework consisting of a coarse-to-fine Encounter Generator and an Iterative Coupling Framework. The Encounter Generator first captures city-level encounter rhythms and then instantiates participant-time-venue encounters, while the Iterative Coupling Framework coordinates these encounters with personal mobility behavior through successive refinement. We further introduce an encounter recovery protocol covering encounter marginal and joint distributions over residents, times, and venues. Experiments on the Japan and NYC datasets show that EncounterMob outperforms all external baselines on all seven encounter metrics and all six personal mobility metrics. Compared with ELLMob, it reduces the participant-time-venue joint error by 40.4%/41.7% and the mean personal mobility error by 58.8%/32.7% on Japan/NYC, respectively.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38171

B2P-Corr: Batch-to-Population Gradient Estimators for Non-Decomposable Correlation Losses

Jingquan Yan, Yuwei Miao, Peiran Yu, Junzhou Huang

原文摘要

Correlation metrics such as the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) are standard regression metrics and learning objectives, but their non-decomposable nature poses a challenge for stochastic optimization. Since these metrics depend on dataset-level moments (mean, variance, covariance), naive mini-batch training with local statistics yields biased, high-variance gradients whose expectation does not align with the population gradient. To bridge this ``batch-to-population'' (B2P) gap, we propose \textbf{B2P-Corr}, a novel framework that transforms correlation objectives into decomposable pseudo-losses driven by lightweight global ``moment sketches''. We introduce two efficient variants: \textbf{B2P-EMA}, which utilizes exponential moving averages and stop-gradient operators to ensure asymptotic gradient tracking with $O(B)$ cost ($B$ is batch size); and \textbf{B2P-U}, which uses sampled cross-batch U-statistic estimators and a reservoir-based stabilization with an $O(B)$ implementation. Theoretically, we quantify the $O(B^{-1})$ bias of naive mini-batch optimization, prove a moving-target tracking result for B2P-EMA under a fast-sketch / slow-parameter regime, and provide an idealized control-variate analysis for B2P-U. Experiments on two synthetic and three real-world datasets demonstrate B2P-Corr achieves stable optimization and higher correlation than naive mini-batch optimization with negligible overhead.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38169

Replaying the Same Gradients at a Different $\varepsilon$: A Registered Test of the Fixed-Trajectory Account of Adam's $\varepsilon$ for One Rare Row

Lngel Kyo

原文摘要

Adam divides every update by the square root of a running average of squared gradients plus a small constant, epsilon. For an output-embedding row whose token is rare, which we call the probe row, raising epsilon can be read as shrinking that row's steps by arithmetic alone. We test that reading directly. While a training run proceeds, we also divide the probe row's update by a different epsilon, using the run's own moment estimates; this replay is exact arithmetic on the gradients the run actually saw, so it holds the run's trajectory fixed. A rule for when the replay counts as wrong was written down before the runs. We train a small causal transformer in a standard configuration. When epsilon rises by four orders of magnitude, the replay counts as wrong on each of the three seeds registered for the test: the probe row keeps 8.9--11.4 times more of its displacement than predicted with the main, sampled-negative head, and 5.0--7.7 times more with a full-softmax head scored as a second instrument. At three orders of magnitude, tested with the main head only, it does not, by narrow margins; a further two seeds, registered after this result had been committed and scored on their own, follow the same pattern. In separate real runs, raising epsilon on the probe row alone is enough to reproduce the row's change and raising it on every other parameter alone also moves the row part of the way --- readings about the runs that do not rescue the replay; scaling the row's learning rate instead, with the denominator untouched, is mispredicted by the replay in the same direction. This is one embedding row of one model family on one corpus; we make no claim about rates, about rows in general (other rows were read only as a panel on one trajectory) or about how the effect changes with model size.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v5arXiv:2610.27746

S$^2$-MAS: A Society-Scale Multi-Agent Simulation Framework with a 500-Million-Persona Resource

Yang Li, Yike Wang, Di Wan, Chujun He, Zongsi Xu, Yitao Yu, Shuai Zhong, Minghao Pan 等 23 位作者

原文摘要

Simulating economic responses at society scale requires decision rules that respond to household circumstances and accounting rules that track their consequences. We introduce S$^2$-MAS, a multi-agent simulation framework with a resource of 500 million synthetic household personas. It combines trainable candidate-scoring policies, reusable financial scenarios and explicit state transitions. Trained with SFT + RLCD on 2.93 million examples, YN-mini-MLX achieves 74.55% accuracy and 38.37% question-macro F1 on held-out consumer financial-choice tasks, improving on the training-question majority baseline by 2.78 and 6.21 percentage points. A completed application evaluates 12 million distinct households in two purchase-funding conditions: 24 million one-shot choices feed 288 million monthly ledger states in 3 h 59 min on 14 GPUs. Jointly increasing purchase goals and approved limits produces heterogeneous consumption, cash and repayment paths, with much of the consumption variation arising from transitions between deferral and purchase. In a separate 1,060-household retrospective consumption experiment, standalone YN-master-9B has 3.42% lower annual MAE than the deterministic fully rational benchmark, alongside a 19.7% lower predicted population mean than observed. Information-timing tests show how year labels and later outcome information change decisions. Together, these experiments establish an executable alternative for studying heterogeneous household behavior with learned policies and explicit financial accounting.

cs.MA · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v5arXiv:2609.30653

3GPP-Compatible Long-Range Sensing for LEO-ISAC: A Window-Grid Processing Framework

Yi Geng, Xun Fan, Chenfeng Xu, Yu Zhao

原文摘要

This paper addresses long-range sensing in bistatic low-Earth-orbit integrated sensing and communication (LEO-ISAC). Conventional OFDM sensing fails in LEO-ISAC because millisecond-scale propagation delays destroy the transmitter--receiver symbol alignment and, with multiple targets, make the receive window longer than the transmitted block. We propose a window-grid (WG) processing framework that exploits the known beam-intersection swath to resolve both problems purely at the receiver, leaving the 3GPP symbol structure unmodified: the swath delay span is folded into cyclic-prefix-sized slices, each handled by one WG. With 103.2 MHz bandwidth at bistatic ranges beyond 640 km, simulations demonstrate meter-level ranging of two targets, and 1000 Monte-Carlo trials over random target--satellite geometries show that, with an ephemeris-based satellite-selection rule, every target is detected with a 90th-percentile range error of 2.4 m.

cs.IT

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38167

Mentorship, Interrupted: How GenAI Disrupts the GSoC Pipeline and Why Mentors Matter More

Ruizhe Xing, Zixuan Feng, Mary Radomile, Stephanie Taylor, Sophia Vargas, Anita Sarma

原文摘要

Generative AI (GenAI) makes open source software (OSS) contributions cheaper to produce, and it makes them say less about the people who produced them. In OSS mentoring, that matters: mentors judge what newcomers understand from their work, and newcomers learn from mentors' feedback. We studied how GenAI is changing mentoring in Google Summer of Code (GSoC), a program in which today's mentees can become tomorrow's mentors. We screened every thread on GSoC's restricted mentors' mailing list from November 2022 through March 2026 and interviewed 15 mentors and organization administrators. GenAI helped with onboarding, coordination, and first-pass review, but proposals, entry contributions, and mentees' answers became weaker evidence of what newcomers could do. Mentors made up the difference by checking, and that checking drew on the same time and goodwill the program needs to renew itself; one organization had withdrawn from GSoC. Responses ranged from banning GenAI to accepting it, and the boundary an organization drew determined who did the checking. We propose AIM, a decision framework that links acceptable GenAI use, integration into the mentoring pipeline, and mentoring capacity, to help organizations choose responses they can sustain.

cs.SE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38164

Separations between $\#\mathrm{BIS}$ and $\#\mathrm{IS}$

Ijay Narang

原文摘要

We give complexity-theoretic separations between $\#\mathrm{BIS}$ and $\#\mathrm{IS}$. Given a graph $G$, and a fugacity $λ>0$, the hard-core model is given by $Z_G(λ)=\sum_{I\in\mathcal I(G)}λ^{|I|}$, where $\mathcal I(G)$ denotes the independent sets of $G$. For $F\ge1$, an $F$-factor approximation to $Z_G(λ)$ is an estimate $\widehat Z$ satisfying $F^{-1}Z_G(λ)\le\widehat Z\le FZ_G(λ)$. Let $\mathcal G_Δ$ denote the class of $Δ$-regular graphs and $\mathcal G_{Δ,Δ}$ the class of $Δ$-regular bipartite graphs. We give two separation results. (1) There exist an integer $Δ\ge3$, a sufficiently large fugacity $λ$, and a constant $c>0$ so that the following hold: (a) For every $δ\in(0,1)$, deterministic $(1+δ)$-factor approximation on $\mathcal G_{Δ,Δ}$ is possible in time $\exp(cn)\operatorname{poly}(n,1/δ)$. (b) Under the Gap-Exponential Time Hypothesis, there exists no deterministic algorithm running in time $\exp(2cn)\operatorname{poly}(n)$ on $\mathcal G_Δ$ that gives an $\frac{11}{10}$-factor approximation. (2) For every fixed $Δ\ge3$ and $\varepsilon\in(0,1)$, for all sufficiently large fugacities $λ$, the following hold: (a) There exists an algorithm which outputs a deterministic $(1+\varepsilon)^n$-factor approximation to $Z_G(λ)$ on $\mathcal G_{Δ,Δ}$ in polynomial time. (b) Under the assumption $\mathrm P\ne\mathrm{NP}$, there exists no deterministic polynomial-time algorithm on $\mathcal G_Δ$ that gives a $(1+\varepsilon)^n$-factor approximation. Both our algorithmic results follow from a new spanning-tree encoding of independent sets that enables an efficient representation of large independent sets.

cs.CC · cs.DS

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38162

Neighbourhood shortcuts in building damage assessment from very-high-resolution satellite imagery: diagnosis and a building-evidence plug-in

JianChong Guo, YuTing Wan, Kefan Li, AiLong Ma, YanFei Zhong

原文摘要

Building damage assessment (BDA) from very-high-resolution imagery supports disaster response, and deep models now achieve high overall accuracy on public benchmarks. Because damage is spatially clustered, most buildings share the damage level of their neighbours, so overall scores are dominated by such buildings, whereas damaged buildings among intact ones are rare and easily overlooked. A high overall score therefore cannot tell whether a model judges the building itself or relies on its neighbourhood as a shortcut, and this study tests which of the two current models do. We stratify buildings by their agreement with their neighbours, move buildings into new neighbourhoods with their pixels unchanged, and diagnose nine models covering the main paradigms of BDA. All models miss a third to half of the isolated damaged buildings, and in non-flood events they call 73--87% of intact buildings damaged once these are moved into a damaged neighbourhood. We propose a building-evidence plug-in that adds two experts to an existing model without retraining it. One expert sees only the building, and the other sees its surroundings but is trained with seamlessly swapped neighbourhoods so that it learns not to trust them. With each of the nine models, the plug-in maintains or improves overall accuracy, reduces errors on buildings that disagree with their neighbours by 8--18%, and cuts by 40--69% the intact buildings that a damaged neighbourhood turns into damaged ones. It also raises the detection of synthetic isolated damage from 1--6% to 13--39% and carries over to optical--SAR data and to an unseen earthquake. High overall scores thus conceal a systematic reliance on the neighbourhood, which building-level evidence reduces at low cost.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.09007

Evaluating Deception, Not Just Deepfakes

Jessee Ho, Shweta Khushu, Shaina Raza

原文摘要

Deepfake detection is typically evaluated as a media-classification task: given a clip, determine whether it is synthetic. Yet benchmark performance is increasingly invoked to support broader claims about preventing deepfake-enabled deception in video calls, voice calls, and targeted communications. We argue that these claims require evidence across two distinct validity gaps. External validity concerns whether detection performance transfers across generators, processing pipelines, and communication channels. Consequential validity, as used here, concerns whether reliable detection translates into timely intervention and prevention of harmful actions. Even perfect synthetic-origin classification does not guarantee prevention when verification is unavailable, intervention occurs too late, or recipients disregard warnings. We therefore propose a scenario-level evaluation framework that integrates media evidence, interaction-level indicators grounded in speech act theory, conversational pragmatics, and influence principles, and operational outcomes. We define candidate measures of attack prevention, benign pass-through, intervention precision under explicit deployment base rates, and intervention timing. Our position is that deployment-oriented evaluation must measure not only whether synthetic media is detected, but whether deception is prevented without unnecessarily disrupting legitimate interactions. https://jesseeho.github.io/deepfake-deception/

cs.CY

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38160

ATI-OPD: Adaptive Teacher Intervention for Stable Long-Sequence On-Policy Distillation

Jiannan Guan, Youxin Jiang, Yutai Hou, Qiguang Chen, Yirong Zeng, Haitao Wang, Dengyun Peng, Zheng Yan 等 12 位作者

原文摘要

On-policy distillation (OPD) trains a student on its own responses using token-level feedback from a teacher. As responses grow longer, the student's prefix can depart from the teacher's own reasoning, weakening its feedback on later tokens. Updates based on this feedback can reinforce the same deviations in later responses and destabilize training. Prior approaches such as length control and loss reweighting limit learning from problematic responses but leave their prefixes unchanged. Fixed cutoffs can also discard later reasoning. We propose \textbf{Adaptive Teacher Intervention for On-Policy Distillation (ATI-OPD)} to improve subsequent teacher guidance by revising the student's reasoning prefix. ATI-OPD replaces the earliest high-disagreement segment with a short teacher segment, then lets the student resume its own reasoning from the revised text. To handle renewed disagreement, it excludes persistently divergent suffixes from the distillation loss while retaining useful student continuation. Training diagnostics show less teacher-student disagreement, fewer gradient spikes, and fewer extremely long responses. Across five mathematical reasoning benchmarks and two teacher-student pairs, ATI-OPD improves average student-only accuracy over standard OPD.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗