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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38499

Residual Motion Splatting for Continuous Space-Time Video Super-Resolution

Vincent Herfeld, Eva Coupet{é}, Julien Mairal, Jean Ponce

原文摘要

Continuous space-time video super-resolution produces a high-resolution, highframe-rate video from a low-resolution, low-frame-rate one at arbitrary spatial scales and temporal instants. Classical spatial multi-frame super-resolution has shown that detail beyond a single frame's sampling limit can be recovered by aligning complementary observations with sub-pixel precision and accumulating them on a finer grid. Existing learning-based methods largely depart from this principle: some align and fuse frames only at low resolution before regressing a continuous high-resolution representation, while others interpolate each frame to the output resolution before splatting. In both cases, the per-frame samples are resampled before fusion, so their sub-pixel positions are lost before frames are combined. Restoring this principle in a learned continuous model raises two challenges: estimating sub-pixel motion at unobserved times, and handling holes and occlusions when splatting a coarse grid onto a finer one. We address the first by predicting per-pixel continuous trajectories that refine linear optical-flow paths with smooth residual motion, using features integrated over the full video sequence. We address the second by directly splatting consecutive low-resolution features in a learned latent space onto a high-resolution grid at their predicted sub-pixel positions with predicted visibility weights, before a decoder resolves remaining ambiguities. This makes temporal interpolation and multi-frame superresolution a single operation. Our method improves both reconstruction fidelity and perceptual quality on multiple standard benchmarks over the state of the art, while running up to an order of magnitude faster.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2609.27836

Poincaré's Inequality on Sliding-Window Occupation Count Kernels and the Optimal Normalized Spectral-Gap Constant

Yanjin Xiang, Zhihua Zhang

原文摘要

Let $P$ be an irreducible reversible Markov kernel on an $m$-state space $Ω$, and denote its right spectral gap by $\Gap(P) =1-λ_2(P)$. For a stationary trajectory, let $K_t$ be the occupation-count vector of the length-$n$ window beginning at time $t$. The stationary pair $(K_0,K_1)$ defines a reversible projected count kernel $\widetilde P_n$. For each fixed $m\ge2$, define \[ c_m^\star= \inf_{\substack{|Ω|=m,\ P\ \mathrm{irreducible\ and\ reversible} n\ge2}} \frac{n\Gap(\widetilde P_n)}{\Gap(P)}. \] We prove \[ \frac1{1080m}\le c_m^\star\le q_{m-2}, \qquad q_0=\frac14,\quad q_{r+1}=q_r(1-q_r). \] We also show $q_{m-2}=(m+\log m+O(1))^{-1}$, which implies that $c_m^\star=Θ(m^{-1})$. Thus, the reciprocal optimal comparison coefficient $C_m^{\mathrm{opt}}=(c_m^\star)^{-1}$ is of the order $m$. In the two-state case, we determine the exact values $c_2^\star=1/4$ and $C_2^{\mathrm{opt}}=4$. %the exact constants for $m\ge3$ remain open. The lower bound also holds for $n=1$ and is uniform in $P$, including sparse and periodic kernels. The proof combines short-window decorrelation with an averaged anchor-excursion decomposition, a Green-kernel hitting estimate, and a stopped Carleson--Hardy inequality. A nested rare-state construction produces finite $m$-state witnesses whose normalized Rayleigh quotients approach $q_{m-2}$ through an ordered sequence of limits. For every fixed finite irreducible reversible aperiodic kernel on at least two states, $\Gap(\widetilde P_n)=Θ_P(n^{-1})$.

math.ST · math.PR · stat.ML

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38497

Vision-Based Density Estimation for Adaptive Traffic Control

Mohammad Usaid, Deepak Silaych, Hrithik Mhatre, Archak Mittal

原文摘要

Traffic congestion is becoming a critical challenge in rapidly growing urban centers, particularly in developing nations where rapid urbanization and inadequate transport infrastructure place increasing strain on transport networks. In highly heterogeneous and chaotic traffic flows, camera-based traffic-state estimation is limited by severe vehicle occlusion and overlap. In this paper, we propose a framework to optimize traffic flow directly from stochastic visual observations. The architecture is structurally decoupled into three primary components: (a) vehicle density estimation, (b) predictive dynamics modeling, and (c) policy optimization. The proposed methodology introduces a convolutional neural network (CNN) that learns the mapping from camera feeds to spatial density maps, utilizing an adaptive k-nearest-neighbor (k-NN) Gaussian kernel to handle varying congestion levels. This feeds into an ST3DNet predictive module for spatiotemporal forecasting, followed by a hierarchical Graph-Transformer Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithm to optimize signal phases. The density estimation stage was evaluated on 40 annotated intersection images from Rambagh 4, Jaipur, India, with a reported five-fold validation mean absolute error (MAE) of $3.32 \pm 0.95$ vehicles and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.5%. These results pertain to the perception component; empirical training and evaluation of the forecasting and control stages remain future work.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2608.26686

Domain-Specific Self-Supervised Representation Learning for Retinal Fundus Classification

Bekzat Nurlanbekova, Fung Fung Ting

原文摘要

Annotated medical images remain scarce and costly to obtain, which motivates self-supervised learning (SSL). We present a controlled empirical study of two SSL frameworks, SimSiam and SimCLR, for retinal fundus classification, asking whether retina-specific augmentations (Graham's local-mean subtraction and CLAHE) improve representations beyond standard augmentation and grayscale conversion. ResNet-18 backbones are pretrained on 48K unlabeled fundus images and evaluated by linear probing and fine-tuning on EDID (multi-disease) and RetinaMNIST (DR grading). On EDID, grayscale conversion accounts for most of SimSiam's linear-probe gain, and Graham or CLAHE add little on top of it. After fine-tuning, SimSiam with Graham+Gray exceeds an ImageNet-supervised baseline on RetinaMNIST (+3.0 accuracy points) but only matches it on EDID. Retina-specific augmentation therefore helps inconsistently and should be validated per SSL method and task.

cs.CV · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.02217

RINS: Residual-Image Neural Subspace Solvers for Large Sparse Linear Systems

Zhongyan Ouyang, Weixin Liao, Mingquan Feng, Yehui Tang, Junchi Yan

原文摘要

Neural subspace solvers offer a promising way to accelerate the large sparse linear systems arising from PDE discretizations, but their value depends on generating effective correction directions at low computational overheads. We study this problem from a residual-image viewpoint: a correction subspace is useful when its image under the system operator captures the current residual. Guided by this view, we propose Gate-RINS, which generates multiple correction directions from shared polynomial residual probes and modulates them with a lightweight residual- and coordinate-dependent pointwise gate. We also introduce a hybrid schedule that uses GRANS-style graph controllers for the first correction block and Gate-RINS thereafter, combining an expressive graph based initial step with a lower-cost corrector as the solve progress. Theoretical analysis establishes a unified residual-image and dynamic approximate-inverse perspective for Gate-RINS and G-RANS, showing that a single neural-generated direction can emulate the residual quality of fixed-step GMRES. Numerical experiments on six PDE benchmarks demonstrate that Gate-RINS reaches a relative residual of $10^{-5}$ with 1.6-2.3$\times$ and 2.2-3.0$\times$ less wall-clock time than G-RANS and GMRES respectively. For Helmholtz systems with meshsize up to $10^5$, Gate-RINS also achieves the lowest residual and outperforms a GPU-accelerated parallel GMRES, while GRANS fails to reach relative residual of $10^{-4}$ in the same time budget.

cs.CE · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38494

Calibrating Track-Query Updates at Test Time for Multi-Object Tracking

Riku Inoue, Shogo Sato, Yu Mitsuzumi, Kazuhiko Murasaki, Tomoyasu Shimada, Takashi Sano

原文摘要

Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) requires localizing multiple objects and maintaining their identities over time. Recent query-propagation trackers carry target-specific representations across frames and update them with current-frame image features, yet identity association remains difficult when visually similar targets overlap or cross. During such interactions, current-frame query updates may contain components directed toward nearby active tracks, which may affect identity association in later frames. To investigate this issue, we analyze track-query updates preceding identity switches (IDSWs), where the same target is assigned a different track ID. Our analysis shows that (i) propagated track-query representations change more abruptly before IDSWs, (ii) current-frame updates have larger positive projections along directions toward other active tracks, and (iii) bounding-box intersection over union (IoU) retrieves the counterpart track involved in a subsequent IDSW with high recall when that track remains active before the switch. Motivated by these findings, we propose Test-time Track-Query Calibration (TQC), a training-free and gradient-free method for query-propagation trackers. TQC calibrates the tracker output before propagation using a bounded correction estimated from update components directed toward nearby active tracks. It requires only track-query representations and bounding boxes available during inference, without retraining or architectural modification. Across nine DanceTrack and SportsMOT test settings, TQC improves HOTA and AssA in all settings and IDF1 in eight, with an average HOTA gain of +0.38 and limited inference overhead. Controlled variants on six validation settings further show that TQC's correction direction yields more consistent HOTA improvements than alternative directions with matched correction norms.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2602.02004

ClueTracer: Question-to-Vision Clue Tracing for Training-Free Hallucination Suppression in Multimodal Reasoning

Gongli Xi, Kun Wang, Zeming Gao, Huahui Yi, Haolang Lu, Qianshan Wei, Ye Tian, Wendong Wang

原文摘要

Large multimodal reasoning models solve challenging visual problems via explicit long-chain inference: they gather visual clues from images and decode clues into textual tokens. Yet this capability also increases hallucinations, where the model generates content that is not supported by the input image or the question. To understand this failure mode, we identify \emph{reasoning drift}: during clue gathering, the model over-focuses on question-irrelevant entities, diluting focus on task-relevant cues and gradually decoupling the reasoning trace from visual grounding. As a consequence, many inference-time localization or intervention methods developed for non-reasoning models fail to pinpoint the true clues in reasoning settings. Motivated by these insights, we introduce ClueRecall, a metric for assessing visual clue retrieval, and present ClueTracer, a training-free, parameter-free, and architecture-agnostic plugin for hallucination suppression. ClueTracer starts from the question and traces how key clues propagate along the model's reasoning pathway (question $\rightarrow$ outputs $\rightarrow$ visual tokens), thereby localizing task-relevant patches while suppressing spurious attention to irrelevant regions. Remarkably, \textbf{without any additional training}, ClueTracer improves all \textbf{reasoning} architectures (including \texttt{R1-OneVision}, \texttt{Ocean-R1}, \texttt{MM-Eureka}, \emph{etc}.) by $\mathbf{1.21\times}$ on reasoning benchmarks

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2603.22399

Latent Style-based Quantum Wasserstein GAN for Drug Design

Julien Baglio, Yacine Haddad, Richard Polifka

原文摘要

The development of new drugs is a time-consuming and expensive process, with average costs estimated to be up to around $2.5 billion. The first step in this process is the design of the new drug, for which de novo drug design, assisted by artificial intelligence, has blossomed in recent years and has revolutionized the field. In particular, generative artificial intelligence has delivered promising results in drug discovery and development, reducing costs and time to solution. However, classical generative models, such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), can be difficult to train and are prone to mode collapse. Quantum computing may be an avenue to overcome some of these issues, providing compact models with far fewer trainable parameters, thereby enhancing the generalizability of GANs. We propose a new latent style-based quantum Wasserstein GAN (QGAN) for drug design, combining a variational autoencoder that maps molecular structures into a latent space with a hybrid quantum GAN. Our pipeline is benchmarked against classical models of the industry-relevant MOSES suite. Style-based noise reuploading at every rotational gate and a Wasserstein gradient penalty are used to improve trainability and to mitigate mode collapse. Training and large-scale sampling with circuits of up to 15 qubits are performed on noiseless quantum simulators to validate our architecture. We present an inference-only demonstration on an IBM Heron quantum computer using 5 qubits, sampling 2,500 new molecules, to investigate quantum noise effects. Our default QGAN, using 110 trainable generator parameters, reaches statistically comparable overall performance and statistically significant gains on selected drug-relevant metrics relative to both the MOSES classical latent GAN baseline, which contains about 700,000 trainable parameters for the generator, and a classical latent GAN with matched generator capacity.

quant-ph · cs.AI · cs.LG · q-bio.BM

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.28176

Temporal Evidence-Parameter Co-Alignment for LLM Reasoning over Temporal Knowledge Graphs

Jiapu Wang

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with temporally grounded reasoning because their static parametric memory is misaligned with the dynamic evolution of real-world knowledge. Although RAG and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) provide practical ways to enhance LLMs, they remain insufficient for temporal reasoning. Existing retrieval methods typically prioritize semantic relevance while overlooking temporal validity, event order, and evolutionary dependencies, resulting in evidence that is relevant in isolation but temporally fragmented. Meanwhile, conventional PEFT methods usually employ fixed and input-agnostic low-rank updates, making it difficult to capture time-dependent entity semantics and relation drift. To address these limitations, we propose Temporal Evidence-Parameter Co-Alignment (TEPCA), a framework for LLM reasoning over TKGs. TEPCA aligns LLM reasoning with temporal knowledge at both the evidence and parameter levels. At the evidence level, it introduces time-constrained Dynamic Relevance-Guided Path (DRGP) pruning to preserve globally coherent temporal paths, together with Mutual-Information (MI)-based pruning to retain query-informative local facts under temporal constraints. At the parameter level, it integrates Dynamic-Gated LoRA (DG-LoRA), a timestamp-conditioned low-rank adaptation mechanism that dynamically modulates the effective adaptation subspace according to temporal context. This design enables LLMs to better capture fine-grained entity evolution and time-dependent relation semantics while preserving parameter efficiency. Experimental results on two TKG benchmarks demonstrate that TEPCA achieves state-of-the-art performance. Additional evaluations of DG-LoRA on eight commonsense QA datasets further verify its general input-adaptive capacity, scalability across LLM backbones, and interpretability.

cs.CL · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38486

Beyond Reachability: When Edit Order Preserves Couplings in Graph Flow Matching

Zilin Li, Zixing Song

原文摘要

Shortest-path optimality does not guarantee that a memoryless graph generator preserves a prescribed source-target correspondence. We study whether reordering legal shortest edits can retain this correspondence without changing the pairing, mandatory edits, or sampling budget. Under a common Poisson clock, we establish an exact criterion for endpoint coupling recoverability: the source-blind Markov projection attains the unavoidable clock-error floor if and only if routes to distinct targets do not share graph states. Routes to the same target may merge without sacrificing endpoint fidelity. This characterization leads to an exact finite-state routing formulation and a legality-preserving scheduling procedure with recovery certificates. A marker-free construction demonstrates how shared edge structure can retain source distinctions, while a capacity-constrained family exhibits a sharp separation in paired error between edit orders with identical marginal error. Finally, a target-conditioned aliasing bound connects structural route design to the terminal fidelity of a learned graph-only generator. These results characterize when legal edit ordering can preserve a prescribed coupling under fixed operational costs.

cs.IT · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.31302

Whole-Body Motion Guided Reference Generation for Uncertainty-Aware Compliant Assistance

Muyuan Ma, Long Cheng, Lijun Han, Haotian Zhai, Xinpan Meng, Xiuze Xia, Houcheng Li, Zeyu Liu

原文摘要

Exoskeletons have shown great potential for augmenting human physical capabilities, yet generating reliable assistance remains challenging because human motion patterns and interaction requirements vary substantially in practice. To address this problem, a dual-loop assistance strategy is proposed to couple multimodal exoskeleton trajectory generation with variable admittance control, where trajectory variance links the outer-loop generator and the inner-loop controller. The generator synthesizes future exoskeleton trajectories through denoising, primarily using whole-body human motion and exoskeleton proprioception, with task descriptions as auxiliary semantic cues. To reduce cross-modal representation mismatch, a three-stage training pipeline is introduced to progressively optimize the human motion encoder, the exoskeleton proprioception encoder, and the trajectory generator. In the inner loop, multiple future trajectories are sampled from the generator to estimate the trajectory mean and variance. The mean is used as the control reference, while the variance provides an uncertainty measure for prediction reliability. This measure is further incorporated into a stiffness regulation law, enabling compliant assistance with input-to-state stability under bounded lumped interaction input. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces muscle activation levels compared with standard baselines, while also decreasing users' metabolic energy expenditure relative to the unassisted condition.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38482

Geometry-Aware Trajectory State Modeling for Few-Shot Action Recognition

Zhiqi Miao, Marko Haralović, Stanislav Levendeev, Sarvesh Angadi, Jannatul Ferdous, Dan-Cristian Ploesteanu, Jiapan Guo, Estefanía Talavera

原文摘要

Few-shot action recognition (FSAR) requires representations that expose discriminative motion dynamics from only a few labeled videos. Recent trajectory-based methods leverage long-term point tracks for explicit temporal correspondence, but often treat trajectories as carriers of sampled visual features or summarize their motion with compact 2D displacement-based descriptors. We instead view an action as the ordered evolution of 2.5D trajectory states and their local geometric interactions. Based on this view, we introduce GeoTRAM, a geometry-aware trajectory state modeling framework for FSAR. GeoTRAM lifts sparse tracks into 2.5D trajectories, where StateMotion models ordered intra-trajectory state evolution and RelMotion captures state-conditioned local interactions through time-varying relative geometry and motion. Quality-filtered spectral sampling provides more reliable trajectory initialization; complementary semantic, motion, and depth cues are separately refined and preserved for joint spatio-temporal modeling; action-guided reweighting and top-$ρ$ trajectory selection support complementary frame- and trajectory-level matching. Experiments on five FSAR benchmarks demonstrate strong gains on the motion-centric Something-Something benchmarks while maintaining competitive performance on more appearance-driven benchmarks and a favorable accuracy--efficiency trade-off.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.37000

GPA-VGGT: Geometry-Preserving Acceleration of VGGT

Muyeol Sung, Jangwon Kim, Jongwoo Lim

原文摘要

Feed-forward geometry models such as VGGT recover camera parameters, depth maps, and point maps from one to hundreds of views in a single forward pass, making them powerful backbones for multi-view 3D perception. However, VGGT's global attention is quadratic in the number of frames and dominates end-to-end runtime on long sequences, which has motivated a range of training-free efficiency methods such as token merging. These methods, however, come with a drop in accuracy that makes them hard to use in place of VGGT. We propose GPA-VGGT, a training-free acceleration method that replaces global attention in early blocks with frame attention augmented by a shared cross-frame K/V set. In the remaining blocks, we merge only keys and values while preserving all queries, restore the attention mass of the tokens each merged key represents, and randomly project the matching metric to 128 dimensions to reduce matching cost. Across diverse multi-view geometry tasks, GPA-VGGT provides training-free acceleration at speedups comparable to prior work while preserving the information required for precise geometric estimation, retaining over 99% of VGGT's pose accuracy under AUC@3.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38479

Recurrent Bipartite Graph Neural Networks for QC-MDPC Error Decoding in McEliece Cryptosystems

Parth Rajeshkumar Tandel, Elisabeth Fink

原文摘要

As the advent of large-scale quantum computing threatens classical encryption, Quasi-Cyclic Moderate Density Parity-Check (QC-MDPC) codes have emerged as a foundational element of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). However, decoding these relatively dense codes using classical Belief Propagation algorithms often leads to failures caused by short graph cycles that stall the decoder. In cryptographic applications, these failures are severe security vulnerabilities that leak secret key information. To address this, this paper proposes a Recurrent Bipartite Graph Neural Network (R-BGNN) as proof of concept. By integrating Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) into the message-passing framework and employing a multi-topology curriculum training strategy, the R-BGNN actively learns to break limit-cycle oscillations. Evaluated across 20 unseen matrix topologies, the proposed architecture significantly outperforms classical Bit-Flipping and Min-Sum baselines, reducing the Decoding Failure Rate (DFR) by 63.7\% at moderate noise levels ($t=10$) while converging in fewer iterations.

cs.CR · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2604.08915

UniDG: Unified Defect Generation via Defect-Context Editing

Yuanting Fan, Jun Liu, Bin-Bin Gao, Xiaochen Chen, Yuhuan Lin, Zhewei Dai, Jiawei Zhan, Chengjie Wang

原文摘要

Generating realistic visual defects is crucial for alleviating the scarcity of abnormal samples in anomaly detection, yet existing methods often rely on category-specific few-shot adaptation and struggle to generalize across objects, defect types, and domains. This limitation stems in part from the lack of paired defect editing data and the fine-grained nature of defect appearance, where subtle variations in scale, texture, and morphology must be preserved while maintaining consistency with the target scene. To address this challenge, we introduce UDG, a dataset of 300K normal-abnormal-mask-caption quadruplets curated from diverse defect-related scenarios, and present UniDG, a unified defect generation model. UniDG formulates defect synthesis as Defect-Context Editing: it extracts reference defect context with adaptive cropping, organizes reference and target inputs in a structured diptych format, and fuses multimodal conditions through MM-DiT attention. We further develop a two-stage training strategy: Diversity-SFT learns diverse transferable defect priors from paired editing data, while optional Consistency-RFT can further improve reference adherence, local realism, and defect-category consistency. Without per-category fine-tuning or using MVTec-AD/VisA for training, UniDG outperforms prior few-shot anomaly generation and image insertion/editing baselines in both synthesis quality and downstream single- and multi-class anomaly detection/localization.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.29348

Data Schedules and Learning Rate Schedules Should Be Designed Together

Haodong Wen, Kairong Luo, Tingkai Yan, Wenguang Chen, Kaifeng Lyu

原文摘要

Mid-training (MT) is a training phase in LLM training pipelines that continues pretraining (PT) on smaller datasets of higher value. Taking the PT and MT phases as a whole, training usually starts with only PT data and then transitions completely to MT data. In this work, we view this complete transition from PT to MT data as a special case of a broader class of data mixing schedules that specify how the proportions of PT and MT tokens in each batch change over training. Under fixed total training compute and MT token budgets, we ask: Is this complete transition to MT data optimal for minimizing final MT loss? We show that the answer depends on the learning rate (LR) schedule: one data schedule may outperform another under one LR schedule, but changing only the LR schedule can reverse the outcome. Specifically, when the LR decays throughout continued training, introducing MT data earlier and mixing it with PT data lowers the final MT loss compared with placing all MT data at the end of training, but this result is reversed if we use constant LR. We therefore study how to jointly choose when to introduce MT data and when to decay the LR through ablation studies, and find that it is better to decay the LR only after MT data enters training. Finally, we develop a theoretical model that explains why the optimal data schedule for a fixed MT token budget depends on the LR schedule.

cs.LG · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2310.14880

Can ChatGPT Perform Reasoning Using the IRAC Method in Analyzing Legal Scenarios Like a Lawyer?

Xiaoxi Kang, Lizhen Qu, Lay-Ki Soon, Adnan Trakic, Terry Yue Zhuo, Patrick Charles Emerton, Genevieve Grant

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have drawn a lot of attentions recently in the legal domain due to its emergent ability to tackle a variety of legal tasks. However, it is still unknown if LLMs are able to analyze a legal case and perform reasoning in the same manner as lawyers. Therefore, we constructed a novel corpus consisting of scenarios pertain to Contract Acts Malaysia and Australian Social Act for Dependent Child. ChatGPT is applied to perform analysis on the corpus using the IRAC method, which is a framework widely used by legal professionals for organizing legal analysis. Each scenario in the corpus is annotated with a complete IRAC analysis in a semi-structured format so that both machines and legal professionals are able to interpret and understand the annotations. In addition, we conducted the first empirical assessment of ChatGPT for IRAC analysis in order to understand how well it aligns with the analysis of legal professionals. Our experimental results shed lights on possible future research directions to improve alignments between LLMs and legal experts in terms of legal reasoning.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2610.32381

UniWorld: A Unified World Model for Real-Time Visual World Simulation

Xin Zhang, Yabo Chen, Shuaiwei Wang, Zixuan Duan, Haibin Huang, Feng Xu, Xuelong Li

原文摘要

Continuous visual world simulation requires coupling evolving scene geometry with temporally persistent appearance. We present UniWorld, a unified framework that integrates depth trajectories and reference appearance within a shared video generation model. The central design maintains visual and geometric histories on a common timeline. Noise-aligned overlapping continuation places generated history at the prescribed sampling noise level and commits only newly generated latents. Rolling depth latent state preserves the corresponding geometric controls, incrementally reads newly available geometry, and keeps the conditioning fixed within each sampling window. Together, these mechanisms ensure exact preservation of latent history while bounding the active depth state by the window size. We evaluate continuous generation, paired history interventions, and long-horizon behavior across diverse scene categories. The same generator supports estimated, native, and on-demand simulator depth, while cached and incremental execution paths produce bitwise-identical outputs. Appearance changes and geometric control branches operate through the same interface without modifying committed history. The measured steady-state DiT execution path achieves real-time generation throughput, demonstrating the efficiency of UniWorld for continuous visual world simulation. Project page: https://zephipage.github.io/UniWorld.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.39972

UBTree: Parallel Tree Drafting via Unigram and Bigram Models for Speculative Decoding

Chumeng Liang, Linxuan Wang, Xinyu Peng, Huabin Liu, XiaoXu Guo, Yuxin Chen, Ge Liu, Guang Lin 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Speculative decoding accelerates language model inference by verifying multiple draft tokens in a single target-model pass. Recent parallel drafters have achieved breakthrough performance in frontier production models, but their effectiveness deteriorates as the entropy of target distributions increases due to insufficient draft diversity. To overcome this bottleneck without sacrificing parallelism, we introduce UBTree, a parallel drafter that couples a Unigram proposer with a Bigram selector to construct drafting Trees. The unigram proposer is trained with the standard cross-entropy objective to generate candidate tokens independently for each position, while a lightweight bigram selector predicts transition scores between adjacent candidate pairs. Unlike the proposer, the selector is trained with a renormalized KL objective on high-temperature data. This tree-native training broadens the supervision beyond the greedy path, encouraging plausible alternative branches that improve the chance of accepting additional tokens during tree verification. Across seven standardized benchmarks with Qwen3-4B and Qwen3-8B, UBTree achieves an average speedup of $5.84$--$6.94\times$ over autoregressive decoding and outperforms DARTree in all 28 comparisons. Production-scale evaluation further demonstrates UBTree's advantage over frontier baselines such as DSpark.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.31116

NTR: Neural Token Reconstruction for Scene Token Bottleneck in End-to-End Driving

Jiahui Li, Jiawei Sun, Zixiang Ren, Ming Liu, Jiamin Shi, Ruiteng Zhao, Zhiyang Liu, Liying Liu 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Recent perception-free end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving methods bypass explicit perception outputs by compressing dense image patch tokens into compact scene tokens for downstream trajectory generation and scoring. While these scene tokens form a compact visual bottleneck for the planner, they receive supervision solely from the planning objective, providing limited constraints on the encoded visual information. To address this limitation, we introduce Neural Token Reconstruction (NTR), a representation learning framework to directly constrain the compact scene-token bottleneck in perception-free driving. NTR introduces a self-distillation masked latent reconstruction objective that reconstructs masked patch-level latent features using only compact scene tokens as reconstruction memory. This forces reconstruction gradients to pass exclusively through the scene-token bottleneck, encouraging scene tokens to preserve richer and less redundant visual representations for planning. We further introduce semantic priors derived from foundation-model annotations as a weak semantic interface biasing reconstruction targets toward driving-related structures without introducing explicit perception heads. All auxiliary reconstruction components are removed at inference time, leaving the deployed planner unchanged. NTR achieves state-of-the-art performance on three public autonomous driving benchmarks, including 8.0461 RFS on Waymo E2E and 94.1 PDMS / 90.9 EPDMS on NavSim1&2. The learned scene tokens exhibit lower pairwise redundancy and higher effective rank, indicating that effective bottleneck supervision improves both compact visual representation learning and planning performance.

cs.CV · cs.RO

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38468

Cinematize from Unreal: Agentic Choreography for Controllable World Simulation

Zifan Song, Caihua Shan, Kaitao Song, Yifan Yang, Dongsheng Li, Cairong Zhao

原文摘要

Controllable world simulation requires more than visually plausible frames: scenes must retain persistent state, coordinated actions, and editable temporal structure. Generative world models offer flexible visual synthesis, but their outputs do not always expose the objects and transitions needed for precise revision. Graphics engines provide executable state and direct control, yet translating language into valid operations requires specialized knowledge of assets, geometry, and interdependent APIs. We present CineU (Cinematize from Unreal), an agentic system for language-driven world orchestration and cinematic choreography within Unreal Engine. From a code-based world modeling perspective, an Unreal project serves as a persistent, inspectable world representation, while agent-generated code specifies operations whose effects can be executed and verified. CineU combines hierarchical orchestration, cascaded asset retrieval and geometry-constrained placement, capability-aligned code synthesis, and multi-stage verification with localized repair. Shared scene and timeline context coordinates entities, actions, camera trajectories, and shot boundaries while supporting dependency-aware revisions. Experiments on scene construction, selective editing, multi-shot cinematography, and component ablations show how specialized execution knowledge and engine feedback improve task completion and targeted recovery. CineU illustrates how executable world state can complement learned visual generation to support controllable and revisable simulated worlds.

cs.MA

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2604.06940

A First Guess Is Rarely the Final Answer: Learned Local Search That Generalizes to Larger Routing Problems

Andoni Irazusta Garmendia

原文摘要

Neural routing solvers rarely stop at their first solution: constructed tours are usually refined by search, such as sampling or local search. Neural improvement methods learn this search as a policy that repeatedly applies local moves, but existing policies degrade sharply beyond their training size. We argue that size generalization depends on whether the information that determines the value of a move reaches the policy in a size-independent form, and identify three places where existing policies fall short: the representation of the incumbent solution, the scale of the input features, and the computation of move gains. We address all three in NICO, a learned 2-opt policy for routing that represents the incumbent by its solution edges, one token per edge without positional encodings, describes them with scale-free features, and adds the exact gain of each move to its logit, so that the network learns a correction to greedy selection. A controlled factorial study shows that edge tokens outperform node tokens with positional encodings, that the exact gains are necessary for transfer in the tested configuration, and that scale-free features help only together with them. Trained on instances with at most 100 nodes, NICO reaches a 1.1% gap on the Euclidean TSP with 1000 nodes, against 10.7% for greedy 2-opt and 36% for the best prior learned policy. It also improves the tours of constructive and diffusion-based solvers, is the best improvement method on road-network costs, and on the CVRP outperforms every classical control.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2606.10734

SPACR: Single-Pass Adaptive Training of Uncertainty-Aware Conformal Regressors

Soundouss Messoudi, Sylvain Rousseau, Sébastien Destercke

原文摘要

Conformal Prediction (CP) provides robust uncertainty guarantees for predictive models, but is typically applied post hoc, which misaligns model training with the conformal goal of producing efficient (i.e., narrow) intervals. We propose SPACR (Single-Pass Adaptive Conformal Regressor), a novel method for directly training uncertainty-aware regressors within a differentiable loss. SPACR jointly optimizes accuracy, efficiency, and validity without batch-splitting or a predefined confidence level during training. As a result, a single SPACR model yields valid prediction intervals at multiple confidence levels during inference, avoiding the costly retraining required by methods like Directly Optimized Inductive Conformal Regression (DOICR). Experiments on diverse tabular and image datasets show that SPACR consistently gives tighter intervals and better coverage-efficiency trade-offs compared to standard CP and DOICR, while significantly reducing computational costs relative to retraining-dependent baselines.

cs.LG · stat.ME · stat.ML

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38462

Automatic Iconographic Annotation of Medieval Illuminations: Comparing Generative Vision-Language Models and Supervised Discriminative Classifiers

Vincent Jolivet, Lucas Terriel, Chahan Vidal-Gor{è}ne

原文摘要

The large-scale digitisation of medieval manuscripts creates a growing need for automated iconographic indexing. We evaluate two complementary paradigms for this task on 9,735 full-folio images annotated with 2,333 TIMEL concepts: generative Vision-Language Models (VLM) and supervised discriminative classifiers (SDC). The VLM experiments evaluate fine-tuning, structured JSON decoding, taxonomybased candidates generation, and deterministic reranking. The discriminative experiments evaluate flat, hierarchy-aware, and patch-attention heads over a frozen DINOv3 encoder. Our results highlight key functional differences: ML-Decoder (SDC) achieves the strongest overall retrieval performance (precision@1 of 0.696, MRR of 0.806), with loss calibration (Asymmetric Loss) serving as the primary performance lever. While SDCs provide superior precision and reliability within a closed vocabulary, VLMs offer strong semantic generalization and broad taxonomic coverage, particularly through structured JSON targets and verify-calibrate reranking (hierarchical F1 of 0.559). Furthermore, model behavior strongly depends on concept abstraction: SDCs excel at perceptually grounded descriptive concepts, whereas VLMs provide useful hypotheses for complex interpretative scenes. Finally, we find that enforcing explicit hierarchy within model architectures limits coverage compared to spatial feature aggregation. Overall, rather than competing approaches, SDCs and VLMs emerge as complementary components for future hybrid indexing systems combining structured retrieval with exploratory annotation assistance. As a methodological contribution, we define the soft F1 metric to provide a taxonomy-aware evaluation that credits semantically close predictions based on lowest common ancestors.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38458

Tracekit Box: Running AI Agents in Micro-VMs Where Every Way Out Is Decided and Signed

Bravish Ghosh

原文摘要

AI agents now install packages, call model APIs with their operators' keys and change code in repositories that deploy to production. The network, credentials and write access they need are also how they can leak data, steal a key or change a system nobody approved. Sandboxes contain an agent but leave little evidence of what crossed their boundary; tracing records what happened but contains nothing. We present Tracekit Box, an open-source system (MIT, v0) that does both. Each job runs in its own Firecracker micro-VM with no network card. The only ways out are doors on the host, served over vsock: commands, outbound connections, secrets, model calls and the workspace patch. At every door a Tracekit signer the agent cannot reach decides what passes and signs it into one run per box. Names are resolved on the host; private and cloud-metadata addresses are always refused; secrets never enter the VM, which sees placeholders the host proxy swaps for real values only in one header for bound hosts; and changes come back as a patch applied file by file after the signer decides each file. Box fails closed, and each job ends as a .tkb bundle anyone can verify offline. All 13 end-to-end checks pass on a real KVM runner (the test that runs them takes 28.5 s, including image pull and boot); 15 fuzz targets on the trust boundary produced nine findings, all fixed; and the demo run's 102 signed records verify. Box does not yet run Firecracker's jailer, needs a co-located signer, and records processes inside the VM only where they cross a door.

cs.CE · cs.AI · cs.CR · cs.OS

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2603.14326

ECG-Reasoning-Benchmark: A Benchmark for Evaluating Clinical Reasoning Capabilities in ECG Interpretation

Jungwoo Oh, Hyunseung Chung, Junhee Lee, Min-Gyu Kim, Hangyul Yoon, Ki Seong Lee, Youngchae Lee, Muhan Yeo 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show promising performance in automated electrocardiogram interpretation, it remains unclear whether they perform actual step-by-step reasoning or just rely on superficial visual cues. To investigate this, we introduce ECG-Reasoning-Benchmark, a novel multi-turn evaluation framework comprising over 6,400 samples to systematically assess step- by-step reasoning across 17 core ECG diagnoses. Our comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art models reveals a systematic shortfall in executing multi-step logical deduction. Although models possess the medical knowledge to retrieve clinical criteria for a diagnosis, they exhibit consistently low success rates in maintaining a complete reasoning chain, primarily failing to ground the corresponding ECG findings to the actual visual evidence in the ECG signal. These results demonstrate that current MLLMs bypass actual visual interpretation, highlighting a limitation in their visual grounding capabilities and motivating robust, reasoning-centric medical AI. The code and data are available at https://github.com/Jwoo5/ecg-reasoning-benchmark.

cs.LG · cs.AI · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2507.14492

Verifying Glitches in Decision Tree Ensembles

Satyankar Chandra, Harsh Chaurasia, Ashutosh Gupta, Kaushik Mallik, Krishna Shankaranarayanan, Namrita Varshney

原文摘要

Decision tree ensembles are widely used for tabular prediction tasks in judiciary, healthcare, banking, etc. We show that the piecewise-constant structure of these models can create narrow local oscillations, leading the ensemble score to sharply drop and then rise (a downward spike), or sharply rise and then drop (an upward spike), over a small change in a single feature. We call such patterns glitches. A glitch is not, by definition, an error. Rather, it is a formally checkable audit target requiring inspection. Formally, glitches are witnessed by ordered input triples in which a small monotonic change in a single input feature causes the output to first change in one direction and then revert in the opposite direction. Through a substantial experimental study, we show that glitches have widespread existence in even the state-of-the-art models performing various critical tasks. Our findings also indicate that glitches enrich and extend existing notions like robustness and monotonicity, providing us a more refined tool to isolate anomalies for inspection. On the theoretical side, we prove that deciding whether a decision tree ensemble contains a glitch is NP-complete, even for bounded-depth trees. We then present a mixed-integer linear programming encoding for the global and local glitch verification problems, and implement our algorithm in a verifier for gradient-boosted decision trees. Experiments show our verifier can scale to realistic model sizes from the literature.

cs.LG · stat.ML

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38452

When Support Crosses the Line: Evaluating Ethical Boundaries in LLM-Based Mental Health Support in the Chinese Context

Bichen Wang, Yufeng Jin, Yixin Sun, Yanyan Zhao, Bing Qin

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for mental health support, yet existing benchmarks primarily focus on supportive capabilities rather than whether models consistently adhere to professional ethical boundaries. This issue is particularly important in multi-turn interactions, where users may introduce new information or exert emotional pressure over time. We introduce MindEth-Bench, a benchmark for evaluating ethical boundary adherence in multi-turn mental health interactions. Grounded in professional ethical standards for mental health services in China, MindEth-Bench covers multiple dimensions of ethical conduct and uses Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) to systematically explore interaction trajectories that stress-test model boundaries. Experiments across nine LLMs show that models that initially respond appropriately can shift toward ethical violations over extended interactions, with substantial variation across models and ethical dimensions. These results show that single-turn evaluations may overestimate the ethical reliability of LLM-based mental health support systems and highlight the need to evaluate ethical behavior throughout multi-turn interaction.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.34682

Beyond Multiplicity Correction: Sharp Retrieval Thresholds for Attention with Correlated Distractors

Heehyun Park

原文摘要

Redundant context affects attention in two distinct ways: multiplicity adds normalization mass, while score variation within correlated groups can produce extreme individual scores. We separate these effects in a planted retrieval model with exponentially many Gaussian distractors organized into supplied clusters whose number and size both grow exponentially with dimension. The model is a two-level generalized random energy model, whose classical free energy yields exact retrieval thresholds. Gaussian interpolation further shows that increasing positive correlation at fixed token count lowers the distractor free energy, unlike adding duplicates. Our main result establishes a sharp limitation of count correction, which subtracts the log cluster size from pre-softmax scores: this correction removes multiplicity but retains within-cluster extremes. Even when the inverse temperature is chosen after observing all scores, count correction requires a signal at least $\sqrt{2α_1}$, where $α_1$ is the exponential growth rate of the number of clusters. By contrast, averaging scores before exponentiation suppresses token-level fluctuations and lowers the optimal signal threshold to $\sqrt{2ρα_1}$, where $ρ$ is the within-cluster correlation. This gap persists after adding exponentially many singleton distractors, so group size alone does not identify the target, and extends, under explicit cumulant regularity assumptions, to fixed finite hierarchies of independent-increment scores. Finite-sample, stability, and participation results complement the asymptotic analysis. A controlled retrieval experiment with frozen sentence embeddings illustrates both sides of the distinction: averaging helps when the relevant item is a singleton, but can discard useful evidence when a relevant group contains multiple matching items.

cs.LG · math.PR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.09707

BrainSurgery: Reproducible and Flexible Declarative Weight Manipulations for Model Editing and Upcycling

Gianluca Barmina, Annemette Broch Pirchert, Andrea Blasi Núñez, Lukas Galke Poech, Peter Schneider-Kamp

原文摘要

Checkpoint transformations such as model merging, precision casting, and low-rank rewriting are commonly implemented through Python code or separate task-specific tools. We present BrainSurgery, a tool that consolidates these operations into reusable declarative YAML plans over checkpoint tensors with built-in targeting, validation, diffing, and sharded export; a Web UI supports interactive inspection and plan construction. We compare BrainSurgery with three specialized systems across 13 settings, 11 benchmarks, 8 models, 4 architectures, and model sizes from 1.7B to 32B parameters. Without use-case-specific framework customization, BrainSurgery reproduces their model edits with comparable run cost, often lower memory usage, and close downstream performance. We further perform correctness, preservation, robustness, and scaling checks. Finally, a coding-agent study shows that agents can reliably generate and review BrainSurgery plans, which are substantially shorter and more structurally consistent than equivalent Python implementations. These results support BrainSurgery as a flexible alternative to maintaining separate tools for heterogeneous checkpoint-editing tasks.

cs.LG · cs.CL

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