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版本更新 · v3arXiv:2604.15001

COEVO: Co-Evolutionary Framework for Joint Functional Correctness and PPA Optimization in LLM-Based RTL Code Generation

Heng Ping, Peiyu Zhang, Shixuan Li, Wei Yang, Anzhe Cheng, Shukai Duan, Xiaole Zhang, Paul Bogdan

原文摘要

LLM-based RTL code generation methods increasingly target both functional correctness and PPA quality, yet existing approaches decouple the two objectives, optimizing PPA only after full correctness is achieved. Sequential multi-agent pipelines, evolutionary search with binary correctness gates, and hierarchical reward dependencies all discard partially correct but architecturally promising candidates. Moreover, existing methods reduce the multi-objective PPA space to a single scalar fitness that obscures the trade-offs among area, delay, and power. To address these limitations, we propose COEVO, a co-evolutionary framework that unifies correctness and PPA optimization within a single evolutionary loop. COEVO formulates correctness as a continuous co-optimization dimension alongside area, delay, and power, enabled by an enhanced testbench with fine-grained scoring. The framework allows PPA-promising but partially correct candidates to guide the search toward jointly optimal solutions, and further employs four-dimensional Pareto-based non-dominated sorting to preserve the PPA trade-off structure without manual weight tuning. On VerilogEval 2.0 and RTLLM 2.0, COEVO surpasses all agentic baselines across four LLM backbones. With GPT-5.4-mini, COEVO achieves 97.5\% and 94.5\% Pass@1 and attains the best PPA on 43 out of 49 synthesizable RTLLM 2.0 designs.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04907

Cool Graphs: Active Property Search Towards Quantum Nano-Refrigerators

Sofia Blyufer, Amir Kleiner, Uri Peskin

原文摘要

Nanodevices that absorb energy from their thermal environment can act as quantum refrigerators. Finding suitable configurations, however, is a needle-in-a-haystack problem: the many-body state space scales exponentially with the size of the device, where each candidate configuration requires an expensive quantum-chemical computation. We introduce a search framework that couples a Graph Variational Autoencoder (GVAE) with an uncertainty-driven Active Learning (AL) loop to efficiently identify energy-absorbing configurations in electronic junctions with a 2D "working material" to be optimized. The GVAE maps physical parameters - site energies, coupling matrices, temperature - into a smooth latent space that distinguishes cooling from dissipative parameter regimes, achieving a classification discriminability of $0.920 \pm 0.004$ on held-out configurations and $0.895 \pm 0.010$ on unseen extrapolation topologies. An AL pipeline based on Monte Carlo dropout then targets the decision boundary, iteratively selecting the candidates where the model is least certain for simulation. Over 32 AL cycles, the uncertainty-driven strategy discovers energy absorbing systems at rates consistently exceeding the random baseline across all tested topologies (where only 1.9-8.4% of configurations exhibit the desired property), providing a data-efficient pathway for navigating a combinatorically large design space. The learned latent space organizes configurations along physically interpretable axes, that correlate with underlying microscopic model parameters. This hints at the existence of "cooling coordinates" - low-dimensional, physically interpretable quantities separating cooling from non-cooling regimes. Our framework, thus, paves a new way towards effective cooling of nanoscale electronic information processing devices, to reduce the environmental footprint of high performance computing.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04903

Heads That Write, Not Just Point: Image Retrieval Heads in Vision-Language Models

Junsung Park, Sangwon Yu, Donghun Kang, Yeongtak Oh, Jaewon Jeong, Gyeongtae Yoo, Han Cheol Moon, Jungbeom Lee 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) can process interleaved text and multiple images in a single context, but how they internally identify the image relevant to a question remains poorly understood. We study this grounding step as in-context image retrieval and introduce ICIR-MCQ, a controlled probe for head-level analysis of image retrieval. Using each head's attention mass over image-token spans, we first identify sparse pointer heads that reliably point to the target image. These heads transfer beyond the probe: a single pointer head is competitive with external vision-language retrievers on a naturalistic multi-image retrieval benchmark, showing that LVLMs contain a strong internal image retrieval signal. Attention alone, however, shows where a head reads from, not what its output passes on to later layers, so we introduce a complementary output-side analysis. For each head, we train a lightweight image retriever on its value-weighted output and use it to identify writer heads, whose outputs contain enough information to identify the target image. Surprisingly, the pointer and writer criteria select substantially different head sets, with only 35 to 47 heads overlapping among the top-100 heads under each criterion. Targeted set-partition ablations show that the heads most important for standard multi-image inference are concentrated in this pointer-writer intersection, while heads selected by only one criterion show less consistent separation from random-head controls. The most consistent causal effects arise from heads selected by both the attention-based pointer and output-side writer criteria. Code and data: https://github.com/parkquasar/Image-Retrieval-Heads.

cs.CV · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04902

Attending to Memory Writes Reduces Seed Variability in Recurrent Length Generalization

Sungwoo Goo, Hwi-yeol Yun, Sangkeun Jung

原文摘要

Recurrent memory requires learning useful updates, but attention added to assist learning can also compromise length generalization. We study bounded delta attention: causal attention over uncorrected update proposals whose bounded correction enters the recurrent update. Its implementation in TraceRelay combines additive phase recurrence with attention computed before a parallel scan. On prefix-supervised modulo-5, trained at lengths 1--40, three findings characterize its behavior at length 80. First, upper delta attention attains $70.81\pm8.26$% accuracy across seven seeds, versus $69.21\pm22.42$% for the local-attention recurrent baseline (mean $\pm$ sample SD): a 63.2% reduction in SD with a similar mean. Upper state attention also reduces variation, reaching $74.75\pm6.24$%, so this benefit is not unique to update-level attention. Disabling the upper delta correction retains $70.62\pm8.60$%. Second, blocking gradients at the delta-attention inputs changes accuracy to $65.25\pm12.40$% in the matched seven-seed comparison, increasing SD by 50.2%. It also delays a 99% validation threshold on average among the same six seeds that reach it; the 95% threshold is reached earlier on average with input-gradient blocking across all seven seeds. Third, lower delta attention exhibits substantially less extrapolation degradation than lower state attention: 62.60% versus 19.40%, against a 71.06% baseline. Removing its correction reduces accuracy to 22.56%; its advantage over lower state attention also persists under input-gradient blocking. These observations motivate bounded update-level attention as a recurrent learning scaffold, combining reduced seed variation with less severe degradation in a placement where state attention fails.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.42010

TurnTurk-GPT: Text-Based Turn-Taking Prediction for Turkish

Ahmet Tuğrul Bayrak, Fatma Nur Korkmaz, Nur Yağmur Tuncer, Mustafa Sertaç Türkel

原文摘要

This paper presents TurnTurk-GPT, a text-based turn-taking predictor for Turkish obtained by fine-tuning a Turkish GPT-2 model with the TurnGPT objective on synthetic and real dialogue, and evaluates it on real Turkish conversation against rule baselines, a zero shot Turkish language model and a widely used multilingual end-of-turn detector. Evaluation uses word-level decision points on unpunctuated, lower-cased text approximating the output of streaming speech recognisers, recording-disjoint and speaker-disjoint folds, nested threshold selection and paired cluster bootstrap tests. TurnTurk-GPT outperforms the multilingual detector under both recording-disjoint and speaker-disjoint evaluation. Its gain over a zero-shot Turkish language model is largest for speakers seen in training, while on unseen speakers it matches this strong baseline. Removing the suffixes of the turn-final word reduces AP by up to 44%, against 2% for a sentence-internal word, locating the Turkish end-of-turn cue in verb-final morphology. Synthetic dialogue alone yields the weakest trained model, and when a speaker pauses the zero-shot and multilingual baselines remain close to chance. The model and the evaluation protocol are publicly released.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2510.01137

Re-examining low-rank adaptation for private LLM fine-tuning

Ali Dadsetan, Frank Rudzicz

原文摘要

Privacy is a central concern when fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on sensitive data, and differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD) provides formal privacy guarantees. When performance at a fixed privacy level largely saturates on established benchmarks such as GLUE, we ask whether the same performance can be reached with less computation. Both theory and practice show that lower-rank models are better suited to DP training, a property especially relevant for LLMs, whose fine-tuning gradients exhibit a strong low-rank structure. Methods such as DP-LoRA exploit this by expressing each layer's weight update as a sum of only a few non-zero rank-one components. However, we argue that while having few non-zero components is important, the isotropic noise injected by DP-SGD inflates the singular values of the gradient matrix, disrupting their naturally fast decay. We investigate whether this noise-induced spectral distortion slows optimization. Experiments on language classification (GLUE with RoBERTa) and table-to-text generation (E2E and DART with Qwen and Llama models up to 4B parameters) show that partially restoring the original singular-value profile significantly accelerates DP-SGD convergence without compromising privacy guarantees. Our code is available at https://github.com/alidadsetan/re-exam-private-low-rank.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.21779

FuseAdapt: Parameter-Efficient Multimodal Fusion for Semantic Segmentation with Missing Modalities

Xin Zhang, Robby T. Tan

原文摘要

Multi-modal semantic segmentation benefits from complementary sensors, but this benefit is fragile when some modalities are degraded or missing at test time. Many existing methods rely on dedicated fusion modules or multi-branch cross-modal encoders, and the fusion often becomes unreliable when modalities are absent, leading to substantial performance drops. We propose FuseAdapt, a parameter-efficient framework that performs fusion within the adaptation space of a frozen vision foundation model (VFM), exploring whether VFM priors can serve as an effective shared backbone for multi-modal segmentation. Instead of attaching a standalone fusion network, FuseAdapt assigns each modality a lightweight adaptation branch and performs adaptation-space fusion by keeping Q/V low-rank adaptation private to each modality and routing only FFN low-rank residual activations across modalities inside the frozen backbone. The pretrained VFM remains fixed while modality-specific corrections and explicit cross-modal interaction are learned through the adaptation paths. To handle missing modalities, we further introduce Predictive Modality Modeling (PMM), a direct representation-level objective for cross-modal redundancy. During training, PMM masks a target modality and predicts its embedding from the visible ones, supervised by a teacher target computed under full-modality input. PMM is used only during training and adds no inference-time overhead. Across three multi-modal segmentation benchmarks (MCubeS, DELIVER, MUSES), FuseAdapt consistently improves both modality-complete and modality-incomplete segmentation with a small trainable budget, yielding up to +3.01 mIoU under full modalities and +11.25 mIoU under missing modalities over prior state-of-the-art. Project page: https://devinxzhang.github.io/FuseAdapt-Page/

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04894

VisSearch-Bench: Evaluating Long Horizon Visual Search in Multimodal Agents

ZhengXian Wu, Qianhao Nie, Zhuohong Chen, Junjie Gao, Yuyao Zhang, Yunyao Yu, Hangrui Xu, Cheng Cheng 等 13 位作者

原文摘要

Multimodal agents use web and image tools to answer questions beyond their internal knowledge. Some search tasks use images mainly to identify an initial entity, then rely on text retrieval. These tasks offer limited insight into how agents connect information across images, objects, and search steps. We therefore focus on visual context management. This involves organizing and using visual information and linking it to other findings during search. Visually intensive tasks require agents to combine object appearance, local details, or spatial relations with external information. We introduce VisSearch-Bench, with 204 human-written tasks across 7 main domains and 25 subdomains. It covers Set-wise Visual Search, Sequential Visual Search, Hybrid Wide-Deep Search, Competitive Visual Disambiguation, and Visual-Structure-Guided Search. Each task provides a reference answer, traceable evidence, and scoring rules. Accuracy measures complete task success, while Process Score measures the correctness and completeness of individual results and subquestion answers. Across 16 multimodal models, the best system fully solves only 26.47% of tasks, even with search tools. These results highlight the challenge of linking visual evidence with search results to produce complete answers.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04893

Fault-tolerant shallow recurrent decoders for sparse sensing with missing sensor measurements

Matteo Romilio Pasqual, Matteo Tomasetto, J. Nathan Kutz, Andrea Manzoni

原文摘要

Real-world sensing systems are inherently imperfect: sensors may fail, intermittently disconnect, operate with asynchronous sampling rates, and be subject to noise, leading to measurement streams that are irregular, incomplete, and heterogeneous. Nevertheless, sensing strategies for real-time state reconstruction typically assume synchronous and continuously active sensors, a constraint that substantially limits their applicability in operational environments. In this work, we introduce fault-tolerant sparse sensing strategies in the context of shallow recurrent decoders (SHRED) to enable high-dimensional state estimation from sparse, asynchronous, and missing sensor measurements. Specifically, we consider naive imputation strategies, fault-tolerant recurrent temporal encoders, and we introduce four different transformer-based masking mechanisms to make SHRED explicitly aware of sensor availability through the binary data-availability mask. Moreover, we further introduce a multi-step decoding training objective for SHRED, resulting in smoother latent trajectories and more robust predictions. Throughout a synthetic benchmark and three real-world problems in hydrodynamic and ocean modeling, we show that (i) transformer-based masking mechanisms outperform standard imputation techniques and fault-tolerant recurrent architectures, (ii) the multi-step decoding training objective enhances reconstruction fidelity and robustness in the presence of heterogeneous missing-data patterns, while (iii) the computational efficiency of SHRED is preserved, with no additional inference-time overhead.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.41970

When Does Test-Time Search Help World Action Models? An Empirical Audit of Candidate Selection and Simulator Integrity

Jun Liu, Dajie Sun, Zhenglun Kong, Zhenjiang Fan, Peiyan Dong, Fan Yang, Wenbin Zhang, Geng Yuan 等 11 位作者

原文摘要

World-action models increasingly apply test-time scaling, spending extra inference computation on candidate selection and adaptive allocation to improve control. Such gains are credible only when candidates carry exploitable signal, nominal compute savings become real speedup, and evaluation stays reliable. We audit all three on Cosmos Policy and RoboCasa with a premise-first, pre-registered methodology. On clean data, a learned value selector is 1.66 pp worse than random; a hindsight oracle gains only 1.40 pp, with an episode-level interval spanning zero; and 82% of states show identical candidate outcomes, leaving little selection headroom. Token pruning cuts per-forward FLOPs by up to 47% but yields at most a measured 1.15$\times$ end-to-end speedup on the deployed path (1.25$\times$ on a decode-excluded path), short of a 1.5$\times$ target, and our adaptive-allocation experiment is inconclusive under a power gate. We further identify and fix a silent rendering corruption whose rate rises sharply along compute-heavy planning paths while leaving the official direct-policy result unaffected, and release a detector, fix, and scripts. These findings show why test-time scaling should be audited as a chain of premises (decision signal, realized efficiency, evaluationintegrity) rather than by success rate alone. Conclusions are scoped to the tested configuration.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04887

FourSight: Stable FP4 RL Post-Training via Sequence Filtering and Sparse Channel Compensation

Yining Wei, Tianyuan Wu, Gu Gong, Yuechen Tao, Yinghao Yu, Xiaowen Chu, Wei Wang

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training increasingly targets low-bit deployment, with NVFP4 weight-and activation quantization (W4A4) becoming the state-of-the-practice format. However, integrating NVFP4 into RL degrades rollout quality and amplifies cross-engine training-inference mismatch (TIM), destabilizing training. We show that these failures are concentrated rather than uniform - severely mismatched tail tokens concentrate in a few outlier sequences, while policy weights remain largely intact and quantization error concentrates in a few high-variance activation channels. Guided by this, we present FourSight, an algorithm-system co-design with two targeted solutions: TIM-aware sequence filtering that excludes drifted trajectories from policy updates, and sparse precision compensation that keeps only top-variance channels in BF16 while retaining native NVFP4 elsewhere. We further design a fused SpliceGEMM kernel with specialized prefill and decode datapaths to minimize overhead. FourSight sustains near-BF16 accuracy and strong FP4 deployment quality across models and engines, while improving step-to-accuracy by 1.76-2.60x and staying within 2.3% of FP4 step time up to 120B-scale models.

cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04886

Modelling lock-in of AI adoption through skill erosion

Renaud Lambiotte

原文摘要

Generative AI can improve immediate performance but may erode the human skills required for future work. We study a model in which individuals tend to imitate successful peers, while their independent skills grow with practice and erode with reliance on AI. Because each agent's skill reflects their history, non-users and AI users develop different skill distributions, which we derive exactly. Skill erosion can produce bistability and hysteresis between a low-adoption, high-skill state and a high-adoption, low-skill state. When agents rarely change behaviour at random, the two transitions are asymmetric. A single AI user spreads through a population of experts only if AI-assisted work earns more than expert work, whatever the timescale of skill adaptation. A single non-user, by contrast, can lead an AI-dependent population back to independent work only if they regain enough skill before returning to AI, which becomes easier the more persistent behaviours are. As AI improves, adoption can jump abruptly, and a sufficiently long increase in its benefit, such as a period of low prices, can leave a population relying on AI after the benefit has returned to its initial value. Skill erosion thus creates a history-dependent switching cost that can make widespread AI adoption difficult to reverse.

cs.AI · physics.soc-ph

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.17613

MAS-Gate: Unlocking Multi-Agent System Lifecycle via Node-Centric Quantification

Hehai Lin, Zixuan Wang, Ming Yan, Peidong Wang, Shilei Cao, Minzhi Li, Bosheng Ding, Juepeng Zheng 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems (MAS) can solve complex problems beyond the reach of a single agent by decomposing tasks and coordinating complementary capabilities. Despite extensive research on MAS, existing work largely focuses on specific aspects or individual phases of their development and operation, resulting in fragmented perspectives with objectives and signals that are difficult to reconcile across these different settings. To bridge these disconnected perspectives, we conceptualize MAS development and operation as a three-phase lifecycle spanning design-time orchestration before execution, runtime intervention during execution, and post-hoc attribution after execution, and introduce MAS-Gate, a unified node-centric quantification applicable across these phases. Modeling each execution as a directed acyclic graph, MAS-Gate combines within-node utility, which estimates a node's contribution through changes in reference-answer likelihood, with inter-node strength, which approximates semantic uptake and potential downstream reach. We adapt this shared quantification to three objectives: providing a structure-aware dense reward for Orchestrator training, training an Editor to act on execution prefixes using paired rewards from completed edited and unedited trajectories, and supplying risk-ranked nodes as auxiliary evidence for LLM-based post-hoc attribution. Experiments spanning interaction environments, knowledge-intensive multi-hop question answering, general reasoning, and post-hoc attribution demonstrate that MAS-Gate improves workflow construction, targeted runtime editing, and LLM-assisted error localization over corresponding phase-specific baselines. Together, these results establish MAS-Gate as a unified structural interface for improving MAS generation, dynamic editing, and error attribution throughout the lifecycle.

cs.AI · cs.MA

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04885

DLER: Dual-Logit Experience Replay for Online Continual Learning

Huiwei Lin, Shanshan Feng, Kong Aik Lee

原文摘要

Online continual learning aims to continuously train neural networks on a non-stationary data stream in a single pass. Rehearsal-based methods alleviate catastrophic forgetting by replaying stored samples, but the imbalance between current and previous data often leads to predictions biased toward current classes. Many approaches have been proposed to overcome the forgetting problem by correcting the bias; however, they still need to be improved in an online fashion. By decomposing the dot-product logits into an angle factor and a norm factor, our analysis reveals that the angle factor efficiently captures novel knowledge but is particularly susceptible to prediction bias, whereas the norm factor helps preserve historical knowledge. Based on these observations, we propose Dual-Logit Experience Replay (DLER), which exploits dual-logits for both model optimization and memory management. Specifically, DLER learns current samples using cosine logits and incorporates additional dot-product logits when replaying previous samples to mitigate prediction bias. To strengthen dual-logit learning under limited replay memory, an auxiliary supervised contrastive objective promotes angular compactness within each class, extending corrections learned from limited replay samples to other samples of the same class. Meanwhile, we introduce a memory update strategy that preferentially retains samples for which dot-product prediction assigns a higher probability to the correct class than cosine prediction, aligning sample selection with dual-logit training. Extensive experiments on three datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of DLER, particularly under limited memory budgets.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.38946

MAS-Loop: Beyond One-Shot Orchestration towards Self-Evolving Multi-Agent Systems

Hehai Lin, Qi Yang, Chengwei Qin

原文摘要

Training-time multi-agent system (MAS) design seeks to learn reusable orchestration policies, yet prevailing approaches remain largely one-shot: an Orchestrator generates a system but only observes and learns from its terminal outcome. This paradigm discards execution trajectories that expose system-level failures and contain fine-grained information beyond the terminal outcome, leaving no direct basis for revising the source MAS, evaluating the updated MAS, or learning from the resulting contrast. To this end, we introduce MAS-Loop, an execution-grounded framework that closes this feedback loop by coupling an Orchestrator with a trajectory-conditioned Refiner. For each task, the Orchestrator constructs and executes a source MAS to obtain an outcome score and an intermediate trajectory. Conditioned on the trajectory, the Refiner localizes an actionable failure, formulates a trajectory-grounded diagnosis, and proposes a bounded patch to the agents, information flow, or execution configuration. The executable updated MAS is re-executed on the same task to measure its realized outcome under stochastic execution. This pair-MAS comparison provides complementary learning signals: the Orchestrator learns to generate strong systems with fewer recoverable failures, whereas the Refiner learns to expose and repair observed weaknesses, thereby driving policy-level co-evolution across training iterations. Experiments show that MAS-Loop achieves the strongest overall performance among the evaluated baselines, with consistent gains from refinement across all evaluated benchmarks. The co-evolution process also yields MAS-JudgeCorpus, a dataset of execution-grounded source-updated pairs with orchestration- and trajectory-level supervision, which can provide the community with support for MAS reward modeling and trajectory-aware investigation.

cs.MA · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2607.12135

LQG solution for POMDP without estimating states: A minimum variance approach

Ranjan Sarkar, Prabhat K. Mishra

原文摘要

This paper investigates the control of discrete-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems subject to incomplete and corrupted measurements. Specifically, we focus on designing a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller without relying on explicit state estimation. By leveraging minimum variance duality, our approach allows the current control input to be represented as a linear function of available measurements and previously applied inputs, successfully reducing the task to a tractable deterministic optimization problem. We provide theoretical justification for this framework and demonstrate its practical effectiveness through numerical experiments.

math.OC · cs.RO · eess.SY

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.08218

How Deep Are Deep GPs, Really? A Sharp Threshold and a Non-Gaussian Limit for Compositional GPs

Mark Kozdoba, Shie Mannor

原文摘要

Compositional priors describe the generic properties of layered functions in deep Bayesian models, where deep neural networks with random weights are a canonical example. In the wide-network limit, the prior is a Gaussian process (GP) with a depth-dependent kernel, and its behaviour as depth grows has been extensively studied through this kernel. Here, we study another case, where each layer itself is a vector valued Gaussian process, and our aim is similarly to understand the limiting behaviour of the prior as depth grows. Previous GP work has established that for the radial basis function (RBF) kernel and a certain range of bandwidths $r$, the prior degenerates in the limit, converging to the set of constant functions, which is not useful as a probabilistic model. In this paper we establish several new results. First, we identify a sharp bandwidth threshold $r_c(d) = Θ(\sqrt{d})$ above which the limit is degenerate, strengthening the earlier bounds. Second, and more importantly, we show that for $r$ below the threshold $r_c(d)$ the prior converges to a limit distribution $π_{\bar{Z}}$. We also prove that these distributions are non-degenerate and non-Gaussian, with non-vanishing dependence between coordinates. In contrast to the previously known degenerate regime, deep Gaussian process priors can therefore admit non-trivial limits. Empirically, we verify the threshold across a range of dimensions $d$, and demonstrate a complex multimodal behaviour of the limit distributions $π_{\bar{Z}}$, a regime that becomes increasingly narrow with $d$ and would be hard to identify without knowing the threshold.

cs.LG · cs.AI · math.ST · stat.ML

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.02542

World-Model-Augmented Visual Locomotion for Humanoids on Foothold-Constrained Terrain

Yuxi Liu, Lijun Han, Ziming Wang, Ao Zhang, Cong Yang, Wei Sui

原文摘要

Foothold-constrained terrain limits feasible footholds to sparse, discontinuous, or narrow support regions, as in gaps, stepping stones, stairs, and balance beams. In such settings, a single misplaced step can cause a fall. Reliable traversal therefore requires precise foot placement and anticipation of upcoming terrain. To address this challenge, we present World-Model-Augmented Visual Locomotion (WM-LOCO), which augments a visual locomotion policy with predictive context from a jointly trained world model. Given onboard depth observations and proprioception, a recurrent state-space model (RSSM) learns action-conditioned latent dynamics that predict future proprioceptive states, egocentric observations, and task rewards. The resulting recurrent feature is then fed into the proximal policy optimization (PPO) actor-critic, providing predictive context for anticipatory foot placement on foothold-constrained terrain. WM-LOCO achieves average success rates of 96.0% on gaps, 96.9% on stepping stones, 94.0% on stairs, and 92.1% on balance beams, outperforming the evaluated baselines while improving gait efficiency and smoothness. Furthermore, WM-LOCO achieves zero-shot sim-to-real transfer to a Unitree G1, with 92.5% success across these four terrain classes.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04874

OCR in the Foundation Model Era: From Specialist Models to Unified Models

Zhiheng Li, Zongyang Ma, Jiaxian Chen, Cheng Cui, Yi Liu, Ziqi Zhang, Chunfeng Yuan, Bing Li 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is among the oldest and most widely deployed applications of artificial intelligence. This survey reviews its development, focusing on the Foundation Model Era. We define OCR through faithful transcription: within a specified visual scope, OCR should completely reconstruct the text, notation, and document structure observable in the source image, and every textual, notational, or structural element in the output must be verifiable from visual evidence in that image. We trace the development from specialist OCR models toward unified models, examining joint text detection and recognition, structured sequence generation, and the use of pretrained vision-language models (VLMs). We organize contemporary OCR systems into five coexisting families: modular toolkits and task-specific models, specialized document VLMs, hybrid workflows, general-purpose VLMs, and commercial products and managed services. We compare their architectures, data, and training, examining hallucination and omission, insufficient spatial grounding, and inference cost in generative OCR. We review evaluation from character and scene text recognition to parsing individual structural elements and full-page transcription, highlighting gaps in consistent output definitions, attribution of performance to individual components, and coverage of real capture conditions and visible content and structure. Finally, we summarize the challenges facing OCR and discuss directions for future research. We continuously track related work at https://github.com/zhihengli-casia/Awesome-OCR-in-the-Foundation-Model-Era.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04873

Trusting Imagined Futures: Auditing Imagined Rewards for VLA Post-Training

Zicheng Kong, Zhenbo Xu, Haoyan Zhang, Jinghan Yang, Zhenzhen Li, Yiwei Ru, Liuyu Xiang, WanTing Xu 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Video world models enable candidate actions to be evaluated through imagined outcomes, but high predicted rewards can favor trajectories with poor execution quality. We introduce Trusting Imagined Futures (TIF), an offline supervision selection method for vision-language-action (VLA) post-training that audits predicted rewards using execution feedback. A multidimensional reward model predicts a utility score for candidate ranking and five dimensions of execution quality. An auditor uses reward predictions and uncertainty to identify overestimation patterns learned from paired imagined videos and real executions. TIF accepts the candidate with the highest predicted utility when its advantage over the existing trajectory exceeds a margin and its audit risk passes a threshold; otherwise, it retains the existing supervision. The retained real trajectories then supervise behavior cloning. Across four LIBERO suites and three training seeds, TIF achieves a mean success rate of 76.25%, improving over training on the existing trajectories by 3.00 percentage points with the same trajectory count and training budget. Adding audit gating yields 1.47 percentage points with the reward model and advantage margin held fixed. The gains persist against advantage ranking and logistic regression risk selection at matched replacement counts. On recorded videos from three real robot tasks, TIF increases clean completion among selected trajectories from 58.33% to 70.00% across 60 candidate pools.

cs.RO · cs.CV

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04871

Physics-Based Plausibility Assessment of AI-Predicted Vehicle Parameters for Automotive Radar in Pre-Crash Scenarios

Rainer Engert, Patrick Zaumseil, Thomas Brandmeier

原文摘要

Automotive radar is a key sensing modality for safety-critical vehicle functions due to its robustness under adverse weather and lighting conditions. Recent advances in AI-based radar perception enable the direct estimation of object parameters from a single radar measurement cycle. However, the internal decision process of data-driven models is typically not explicitly linked to the underlying radar sensing physics. Consequently, object estimates may achieve high statistical accuracy while remaining physically inconsistent with the measured radar signature, particularly in previously unseen scenarios. Such inconsistencies are especially critical for heading estimation, as they directly affect trajectory prediction and collision assessment in pre-crash scenarios. This paper presents a physics-based consistency assessment framework for validating AI-derived vehicle hypotheses in automotive radar perception. The proposed approach generates an expected radar signature from AI-estimated object parameters using a physics-based reference model that incorporates occlusion-dependent edge visibility, aspect- and angle-dependent RCS modeling, and characteristic wheel-induced MD signatures. The expected signature is compared with the observed radar point cloud using a Wasserstein-distance-based consistency metric computed from three complementary features: the spatial distribution of detections along object edges, the local detection count, and the radar reflection intensity. In this way, physically implausible object hypotheses can be identified and corrected independently of the underlying neural network architecture and without model retraining or architectural modifications. The proposed consistency module is integrated as a cascaded post-processing stage for vehicle heading estimation.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04870

PrimeSim: A Generalist World Model Simulator from Large-Scale Cross-Embodiment Demonstrations

Travis Davies, Wentao Ma, Lihao Guo, Tengfei Ma, Xiaowen Chang, Jiafeng Xu, Shilong Wang, Yiqi Deng 等 13 位作者

原文摘要

A robot world model that serves as a simulator must do more than generate plausible videos: it must faithfully follow commanded actions, maintain consistency across camera views, and sustain coherent long-horizon rollouts. We present PrimeSim, an action-conditioned, multiview world model simulator that addresses these challenges through progressive midtraining and posttraining. Starting from a pretrained video generator, we midtrain on 30,110 hours of robot demonstrations spanning 22 platforms. To improve action following, we introduce a unified cross-embodiment action representation and frame-aligned dual-path conditioning to strengthen action-frame correspondence. To maintain multiview consistency, we develop view-aware interleaved attention with explicit camera identities, enabling cross-view information exchange while preserving view-specific representations. We further introduce a fast-video, slow-memory posttraining framework that transforms the bidirectional video generator into an efficient autoregressive simulator. By combining fast causal generation, self-rollout training, and hierarchical temporal memory, PrimeSim mitigates error accumulation from self-generated histories and supports coherent long-horizon simulation. PrimeSim runs at 10.1 FPS, remains stable over long-horizon rollouts on rigid and deformable manipulation tasks, and transfers to held-out platforms within 100 to 200 gradient steps where the pretrained backbone does not. Against five open-source action-conditioned world models it leads four of the five WorldSimProbe suites and posts the best overall EWMBench score, while fine-grained local calibration still trails the field; its rollouts are faithful enough to support GRPO-based policy optimization. We release the model weights, inference code, and training code.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04867

One Assistant, Many Memories: Benchmarking Real-World Group Assistance When Recall Is Not Enough

Zhanghao Hu, Linhai Zhang, Qian Zhao, Qi Zhu, Yuan Hua, Di Liang, Jiasheng Si, Xin Zhao 等 11 位作者

原文摘要

The value of memory lies not only in recall but in using it to provide appropriate assistance. Recent benchmarks test memory use in personalisation and agentic tasks, but seldom evaluate assistance without fixed answers or integration across multiple participants. Group chats make both challenges more acute: an assistant must integrate information from multiple members, track revisions and conflicts over time, and produce one response for the group. Yet existing group memory benchmarks rely on synthetic conversations and inherit constrained evaluation from general memory benchmarks, focusing on recall against fixed answers or decisions over a closed set. We introduce GroupAssistBench, the first memory benchmark from real-world group conversations with a deployed group assistant, covering 80,299 messages in 50 groups and costing over $53K. Over the same histories, GroupAssistBench evaluates memory recall (L1) with reference answers and memory use (L2) with service requests without fixed answers across single, distributed, and conflicting memories (M1--M3). Requests are verified to require group history, memories are anchored to their sources, and L2 uses tailored rubrics with penalties derived from real user feedback. Across evaluations of frontier models with full context, retrieval methods, and memory systems, the strongest memory system rivals full context on recall but falls far behind on use, especially for distributed and conflicting memories. Together, two additions that relate retrieved memories and bind remembered facts as response constraints bring consistent gains, showing that group memory systems must improve use, not recall alone.

cs.CL · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.10379

Not All Proofs Are Equal: Evaluating LLM Proof Quality Beyond Correctness

Ivo Petrov, Jasper Dekoninck, Dimitar I. Dimitrov, Martin Vechev

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) have become capable mathematical problem-solvers, often producing correct proofs for challenging problems. However, correctness alone is not sufficient: mathematical proofs should also be clear, insightful, contain transferable knowledge, and be generally useful to the reader. While proof quality is subjective and depends on the reader and context, many of its components can be made concrete. In this work, we identify such components and introduce ProofRank, a benchmark curated from challenging competitions that measures several scalable proxies of proof quality: (i) conciseness - quantifying whether proofs avoid unnecessary steps; (ii) computational ease - the extent to which a proof relies on tedious calculations; (iii) cognitive simplicity - how accessible the used proof techniques are; (iv) diversity - how varied a model's proofs for a single problem are; and (v) adaptivity - how well a model can follow a specified technique. We find proof quality varies substantially across models along dimensions that correctness largely fails to capture. Every proof-level proxy can be steered through prompting, but often at a moderate correctness cost. ProofRank thus captures important aspects of mathematical proofs beyond correctness, and indicates the need for models that produce proofs which are not only correct but also valuable.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.13447

Oído: Real-Time Open-Vocabulary Speech Recognition on a $5 Microcontroller without a Neural Accelerator

Daniel Varela Sánchez, Guillermo Martín-Coello Juárez

原文摘要

Speech recognition on low-cost microcontrollers is, in practice, limited to keyword spotting or a fixed list of commands. We present Oído, an inference engine and a family of models that run open-vocabulary English speech recognition entirely on an ESP32-S3 (240 MHz Xtensa LX7, 8 MB of PSRAM, 16 MB of flash, no neural accelerator) faster than real time on one core. Version 1 of this work ran a 13 M-parameter Conformer-CTC at 1.97x the duration of the audio. We measured on the board that the bound was memory traffic and per-frame cost, not arithmetic: external memory reads at 89 MB/s (PSRAM) and 32 MB/s (flash), and a streaming recognizer re-reads every weight for every chunk. Version 2 combines a model built for that memory system (80 ms frame stacking, a 64-channel front end, 12 or 16 blocks, int4 weights that mostly fit in PSRAM, fine-tuned from the version 1 model) with engine changes that overlap the weight stream with compute (an asynchronous data-cache preload), keep work buffers in SRAM and make the decoder cheap. On a physical board the streaming real-time factor falls from 1.77 to 0.54 (variant B) and 0.72 (variant A), the final text appears 259 ms (B) or 431 ms (A) after the end of speech with audio fed at real-time speed, and the host build and the firmware produce identical transcripts. Variant A reaches 7.1%/16.4% word error rate on LibriSpeech test-clean/test-other in streaming mode with 0.64 s chunks and the on-chip language model (4.6%/10.7% with full context). Code, models and the raw board measurements are released.

cs.SD · cs.CL · eess.AS

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2502.10353

Matching with Choice: Menu Design for Patient--Provider Assignment

Naveen Raman, Holly Wiberg

原文摘要

High-quality matches between patients and primary care providers improve downstream health outcomes, yet provider turnover breaks these matches and forces patients to be reassigned. Health systems facing this problem must decide not only which providers to recommend, but how much choice to offer. Direct assignment avoids competition for scarce provider capacity but relies on noisy estimates of patient preferences; broader choice allows patients to correct these estimates using private information but can create costly coordination failures. We study this tradeoff through the design of fixed, personalized menus from which patients choose providers. We show that constructing the optimal menu is NP-hard and establish an information-theoretic lower bound. We find that offering each patient a single provider matches this bound up to a constant factor, while unrestricted choice can perform arbitrarily poorly. However, we show that additional choice improves on single-provider assignment when the system cannot reliably distinguish among a patient's alternatives. We formalize this tradeoff through two forms of loss: menu loss, which arises when menus offer too few options, and coordination loss, which arises when scarce capacity is exposed to too much choice. Motivated by this decomposition, we develop the Scenario-Averaged Marginals (SAM) algorithm, which tailors menus based on provider shadow prices so choice is offered only when utility exceeds the capacity cost. We identify sufficient conditions which SAM's regret matches the lower bound, namely when patients have valuable alternatives and offered menus don't create competition for scarce capacity. In a semi-synthetic environment calibrated to a provider network using Medicare data, SAM improves total utility by up to 19% over single-provider assignment as preference uncertainty grows, while improving utility for the least-served ZIP codes.

cs.CY · cs.LG · math.OC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.02476

GigaSpeech 3: Scaling Multi-Dialect Arabic Speech Recognition with Weakly Labeled Data

Junzhe Liu, Yujie Tu, Yifan Yang, Peng Wang, Haoran Wang, Guodong Lin, Leyan Liao, Chengquan Zhang 等 16 位作者

原文摘要

Dialectal Arabic speech recognition remains constrained by the scarcity of dialect-resolved transcribed speech despite the abundance of web audio. We introduce GigaSpeech 3, a corpus of 39,000 hours and 10 million weakly transcribed speech segments covering Algerian, Egyptian, Iraqi, Saudi, and Syrian Arabic. Starting from 60 hours of manual transcription per dialect, we train labeling models using speech-recognition-biased self-supervised learning and apply them to dialect-matched web audio. Data selection and four rounds of noisy-student refinement for Saudi and Syrian Arabic yield the final corpus. We validate its utility through dialect-specific and multi-dialect speech recognition training and cross-domain evaluation. On GigaSpeechBench, the final dialect-specific models outperform their labeling models across all five dialects and achieve a macro-average word error rate of 23.86%, a 16.6% relative reduction from the strongest third-party system covering all five dialects, while outperforming the best third-party result on three dialects. A multi-dialect model using self-predicted dialect identities achieves a macro-average word error rate of 25.51% while also supporting Modern Standard Arabic. Across eight conditions from three external corpora, a GigaSpeech 3-trained Zipformer achieves the lowest word error rate among six evaluated models in every condition, while adapting the Qwen3 speech recognizer on GigaSpeech 3 improves performance across all eight conditions. We release the corpus and recipes as a foundation for dialect-aware Arabic speech processing.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.34534

Multimodal Socially Aware Framework for Human-Robot Interaction in Virtual Reality

Richard Xu, Dakarai Crowder, Alexis E. Block, Wenzhen Yuan

原文摘要

Social robots must coordinate speech and movement while interpreting multimodal human input. We present a multimodal framework that integrates speech, vision, and touch to generate contextually appropriate robot speech and movement. We evaluated the framework in virtual reality with 18 participants across five social interaction scenarios, comparing its performance against a human-teleoperated baseline. Although participants rated the autonomous system above the neutral midpoint for both naturalness and social appropriateness, the teleoperated baseline received significantly higher ratings on both measures. Behavioral coding and qualitative feedback revealed that conversational timing, clarification of ambiguous requests, and spatial coordination were important factors contributing to this performance gap. These findings highlight key challenges in developing autonomous robots capable of natural, multimodal social interaction.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.03301

An Axiomatic Framework for Reinforcement Learning in Open Multi-Agent Systems

Jianhong Wang, Yang Li, Samuel Kaski, Jonathan Lawry

原文摘要

Open multi-agent systems, where only a subset of agents are controllable, are central to real-world domains such as smart grids, yet lack a principled foundation for reinforcement learning algorithm design. We study this setting through n-agent ad hoc teamwork (NAHT), a recent framework for learning in open multi-agent environments. We propose an axiomatic framework that derives value function learning from the Shapley axioms (Efficiency, Symmetry and Linearity), treating them as structural constraints rather than heuristic design choices. This formulation builds on a novel NAHT decomposition, which characterises the fundamental difference between open and fully controllable multi-agent systems, and establishes a cooperative game-theoretic foundation for learning. We further show that enforcing these axioms on learning individual value functions recovers the Shapley value for Dec-POMDPs, providing a principled bridge between reinforcement learning and classical cooperative game theory. Building on this framework, we introduce Shapley Machines and Banzhaf Machines, two generic algorithmic templates that can be instantiated with standard reinforcement learning methods. When applied to strong base algorithms such as IPPO and POAM, our methods consistently improve learning efficiency and generalisation to unseen agent types and conventions across NAHT benchmark tasks. The code of experiments is published on https://github.com/hsvgbkhgbv/axiomatic-rl-naht.

cs.LG · cs.AI · cs.MA

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04848

Amortized Nonlinear Variable Selection with Prior-Data Fitted Networks

Jin Zhu, Junxian Zhu

原文摘要

Variable selection is an important task for interpreting potentially complex systems in fields such as biology, business, and sociology. The importance of variable selection has attracted considerable attention in statistics and machine learning. In this paper, we are mainly interested in model-agnostic variable selection for identifying variables that have general nonlinear dependence on the response. We propose MambaPFN, short for Model-Agnostic Markov BlAnket selection with Prior-data Fitted Networks, which is built upon the Transformer, a building block of many popular large language models. Specifically, we consider a functional-mapping perspective on variable-selection learning, in which the Transformer is treated as a learnable mapping from a dataset to its relevant variables. To learn this mapping, MambaPFN introduces three new components: (i) a faithful, rich, and scalable scheme for generating pretraining data, (ii) an objective that targets each variable's posterior inclusion probability, and (iii) a modified Transformer architecture tailored to variable selection. Once pretrained, MambaPFN is applied to new datasets without parameter updates. Empirically, MambaPFN achieves desirable variable-selection performance in simulation studies and exhibits a scaling law---more pretraining datasets and larger models can continuously improve its performance. Applied to a Facebook comments dataset, MambaPFN selects the fewest variables and achieves the highest computational efficiency and predictive performance, improving upon the best baselines by about 20%.

cs.AI · stat.ME · stat.ML

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